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Offering a high\u2010risk human papillomavirus (HPV) self\u2010test has previously been shown to increase participation. In this randomized health services study, we evaluated four strategies with regard to participation. Women who had not attended organized cervical screening in 10 years were eligible for inclusion. This group comprised 16,437 out of 413,487 resident women ages 33\u201360 (&lt;4% of the screening target group). Among these 16,437 long\u2010term nonattenders, 8,000 women were randomized to either (<jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>) a HPV self\u2010sampling kit sent directly; (<jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>) an invitation to order a HPV self\u2010sampling kit using a new open source eHealth web application; (<jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>) an invitation to call a coordinating midwife with questions and concerns; or (<jats:italic>iv<\/jats:italic>) the standard annual renewed invitation letter with prebooked appointment time (routine practice). Overall participation, by arm, was (<jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>) 18.7%; (<jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>) 10.7%; (<jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>) 1.9%; and (<jats:italic>iv<\/jats:italic>) 1.7%. The relative risk of participation in Arm 1 was 11.0 (95% CI 7.8\u201315.5), 6.3 (95% CI 4.4\u20138.9) in Arm 2 and 1.1 (95% CI 0.7\u20131.7) in Arm 3, compared to Arm 4. High\u2010risk HPV prevalence among women who returned kits in study Arms 1 and 2 was 12.2%. In total, 63 women were directly referred to colposcopy from Arms 1 and 2; of which, 43 (68.3%) attended and 17 had a high\u2010grade cervical lesion (CIN2+) in histology (39.5%). Targeting long\u2010term nonattending women with sending or offering the opportunity to order self\u2010sampling kits further increased the participation in an organized screening program.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T12:25:55Z","timestamp":1556627155000},"page":"3033-3039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Increasing participation in cervical screening by targeting long\u2010term nonattenders: Randomized health services study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0514-7226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klara Miriam","family":"Elfstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Regional Cancer Center Stockholm Gotland  Stockholm 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