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Here, these drugs were screened for growth inhibitory effects in human osteosarcoma cell lines, including MNNG\/HOS, U2OS, SaOS\u20102, MG\u201063 and 143B cells. Only mycophenolic acid (MPA), an active metabolite of MMF, efficiently inhibited osteosarcoma cell growth with IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of 0.46\u20107.3 \u03bcM; these values are in the therapeutic range for organ transplant patients. At a therapeutic dose (10 \u03bcM), MPA significantly inhibited colony formation, caused cell cycle arrest in the S phase, and induced apoptosis. Moreover, the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> invasion of osteosarcoma cells was reduced by MPA by inhibiting cell migration capability. The <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> antitumor effect of MMF was determined in nude mice harboring 143B cell xenografts. Daily oral administration of 200 mg\/kg\/day MMF for 2\u2009weeks significantly suppressed tumor growth in treated mice, achieving 57.4 \u00b1\u200911.1% tumor growth inhibition. Compared with the vehicle group, the MMF group treated with 50\u2013200 mg\/kg\/day for 3\u2009weeks had a significant reduction in the number of lung metastatic nodules in a tail vein\u2010lung metastasis model of 143B cells. MMF doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg\/kg\/day are approximately equivalent to the non\u2010toxic doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g\/day in humans, respectively. These findings indicate that MPA\/MMF can effectively control osteosarcoma tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, the potential to repurpose MPA\/MMF for use in osteosarcoma chemotherapy is of great interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T15:51:51Z","timestamp":1571068311000},"page":"3397-3409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Mycophenolic acid is a drug with the potential to be repurposed for suppressing tumor growth and metastasis in osteosarcoma treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Jeerawan","family":"Klangjorhor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University  Chiang Mai Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parunya","family":"Chaiyawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Science and 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