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Acromegaly is associated with clinically high IGF\u2010I concentrations. Klinefelter's syndrome, testicular hypofunction and hypopituitarism are associated with clinically low testosterone concentrations. We aimed to investigate whether diagnosis with these conditions was associated with subsequent prostate cancer diagnosis and mortality. We used linked English national Hospital Episode Statistics and mortality data from 1999 to 2017 to construct and follow\u2010up cohorts of men aged \u226535\u2009years diagnosed with (<jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>) acromegaly (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2,495) and (<jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>) hypogonadal\u2010associated diseases (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 18,763): Klinefelter's syndrome (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1,992), testicular hypofunction (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8,086) and hypopituitarism (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10,331). We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for prostate cancer diagnosis and death using Cox regression in comparison with an unexposed reference cohort of 4.3 million men, who were admitted to hospital for a range of minor surgeries and conditions (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> observed cases = 130,000, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> prostate cancer deaths = 30,000). For men diagnosed with acromegaly, HR for prostate cancer diagnosis was 1.33 (95% CI 1.09\u20131.63; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.005; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> observed cases = 96), HR for prostate cancer death was 1.44 (95% CI 0.92\u20132.26; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.11; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> deaths = 19). Diagnosis with Klinefelter's syndrome was associated with a lower prostate cancer risk (HR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.37\u20130.91; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> observed cases = 19) and hypopituitarism was associated with a reduction in prostate cancer death (HR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.35\u20130.79; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.002; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> deaths = 23). These results support the hypothesised roles of IGF\u2010I and testosterone in prostate cancer development and\/or progression. These findings are important because they provide insight into prostate cancer aetiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T07:53:03Z","timestamp":1574409183000},"page":"803-810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Hormone\u2010related diseases and prostate cancer: An English national record linkage study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9229-2589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor L.","family":"Watts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford  Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Goldacre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Health\u2010Care Epidemiology, Big Data 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