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A case\u2013control study was conducted with records from population\u2010based registries in New Mexico. Cases were women diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2006\u20132016, obtained from the Tumor Registry. Five controls per case from the New Mexico HPV Pap Registry were matched to cases by sex, age and place of residence. Dates and results of all cervical screening and diagnostic tests since 2006 were identified from the pap registry. We estimated the odds ratio of nonlocalized (Stage II+) and localized (Stage I) cervical cancer associated with attending screening in the 3\u2009years prior to case\u2010diagnosis compared to women not screened in 5\u2009years. Of 876 cases, 527 were aged 25\u201364\u2009years with \u22653\u2009years of potential screening data. Only 38% of cases and 61% of controls attended screening in a 3\u2010year period. Women screened in the 3\u2009years prior to diagnosis had 83% lower risk of nonlocalized cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.12\u20130.24) and 48% lower odds of localized cancer (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.38\u20130.72), compared to women not screened in the 5\u2009years prior to diagnosis. Women remained at low risk of nonlocalized cancer for 3.5\u20135\u2009years after a negative screen compared to women with no negative screens in the 5\u2009years prior to diagnosis. Routine cervical screening is effective at preventing localized and nonlocalized cervical cancers; 3 yearly screening prevents 83% of nonlocalized cancers, with no additional benefit of more frequent screening. Increasing screening coverage remains essential to further reduce cervical cancer incidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]],"date-time":"2019-12-14T04:54:35Z","timestamp":1576299275000},"page":"887-896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Impact of screening on cervical cancer incidence: A population\u2010based case\u2013control study in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4042-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Landy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine Queen Mary University of London  London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services  Bethesda 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