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Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of MM incidence and survival after MM and other rare thoracic cancers in Germany and the United States (US). Incidence was estimated from a German National Cancer Database and from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) 18 database for 2000\u20132014. Patients diagnosed in 1997\u20132013 with malignant epithelial tumors of the trachea (Etra), epithelial tumors of the thymus (Ethy) and MM were extracted from a German cancer survival database and from the SEER 13 database. Period analysis was employed to compute 5\u2010year relative survival (RS). During 2000\u20132014, an annual average of 0.9 and 0.6\u2009MM cases per 100,000 person\u2010years was diagnosed in Germany and the US. Rates decreased in Germany and in the US. Patients with Ethy had highest 5\u2010year RS with US patients surviving longer (69.1% compared to 63.7%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.02). Survival after Etra was comparable in both countries (Germany 33.6%, US 34.4%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.07). Survival in MM patients was poor overall (Germany 11.8%, US 12.1%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u20090.01). Survival improvements were only observed in MM patients in Germany (10.8% [2002\u20132007] <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 13.0% [2008\u20132013], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u20090.01). The lack of progress in survival for Etra and Ethy patients underlines the need of novel preventive, therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. MM incidence significantly decreased in Germany and in the US. Further monitoring of MM incidence is warranted given that a peak in incidence is expected in 2020\u20132030 in Western countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T06:51:19Z","timestamp":1582095079000},"page":"1548-1558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Survival of malignant mesothelioma and other rare thoracic cancers in Germany and the United States: A population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3278-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunice","family":"Sirri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Saxony Cancer Registry  Oldenburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Kieschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Saxony Cancer Registry  Oldenburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Vohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Saxony Cancer Registry  Oldenburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0490-1554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Katalinic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Registry of Schleswig\u2010Holstein  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Nennecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamburg Cancer Registry  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meike","family":"Ressing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Registry of Rhineland\u2010Palatinate  Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Eberle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Registry of Bremen, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology\u2014BIPS  Bremen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Holleczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saarland Cancer Registry  Saarbr\u00fccken Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8004-4940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT)  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the GEKID Cancer Survival Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents, vol. 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