{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:22:46Z","timestamp":1791588166732,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA CP010180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA CP010180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. However, most studies have been conducted among North American and European populations. Prostate cancer mortality appears elevated in West Africa, yet risk factors for prostate cancer in this region are unknown. We thus examined the relationship between obesity and prostate cancer using a case\u2010control study conducted in Accra, Ghana in 2004 to 2012. Cases and controls were drawn from a population\u2010based sample of 1037 men screened for prostate cancer, yielding 73 cases and 964 controls. An additional 493 incident cases were recruited from the Korle\u2010Bu Teaching Hospital. Anthropometric measurements were taken at enrollment. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist\u2010hip ratio (WHR) and prostate cancer, adjusting for potential confounders. The mean BMI was 25.1\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for cases and 24.3 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for controls. After adjustment, men with BMI\u2009\u2265\u200930\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> had an increased risk of prostate cancer relative to men with BMI &lt;\u200925\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.11\u20103.13). Elevated WC (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.24\u20102.51) and WHR (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.99\u20102.16) were also associated with prostate cancer. Associations were not modified by smoking status and were evident for low\u2010 and high\u2010grade disease. These findings indicate that overall and abdominal obesity are positively associated with prostate cancer among men in Ghana, implicating obesity as a potentially modifiable risk factor for prostate cancer in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T04:12:13Z","timestamp":1588219933000},"page":"2669-2676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Overall and abdominal obesity and prostate cancer risk in a West African population: An analysis of the Ghana Prostate Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8932-5028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Hurwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward D.","family":"Yeboah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Biritwum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Tettey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology,University of Ghana Medical School  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Adjei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology,University of Ghana Medical School  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Okyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Truelove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westat  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott P.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy Ke","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebone\u00e9 N.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert N.","family":"Hoover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann W.","family":"Hsing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center and Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a030387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Prostate Cancer","author":"World Cancer Research Fund International Continuous Update Project","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.0513"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Dietary factors and risks for prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Hayes RB","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-015-0644-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/947870"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Waist circumference and waist\u2010hip ratio: report of WHO expert consultation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"The IDF Consensus Worldwide Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.6916"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-013-1387-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3901-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi253"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-008-0029-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.11716"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-0071"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909559107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djw225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1747"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fijc.33026","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijc.33026","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ijc.33026","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijc.33026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T15:24:39Z","timestamp":1693754679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ijc.33026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ijc.33026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.33026","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7136","1097-0215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7136","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-09-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}