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Beta Human papillomavirus (HPV; n = 46), gamma HPV (n = 52), polyomaviruses (n = 12) and herpes viruses (n = 3) was determined in DNA extracted from 67 neoplastic and 55 non\u2010neoplastic conjunctival tissues of HIV\u2010positive and HIV negative subjects by Luminex\u2010based assays. Next\u2010generation sequencing (NGS) was also used to further characterize the presence of cutaneous HPVs. Detection of beta\u20102 HPV infections was associated with the risk of neoplasia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3\u20106.8), regardless of HIV status (HIV positive, aOR 2.6, 95% CI 0.9\u20107.7; HIV negative, aOR 3.5, 95% CI 0.9\u201014.4). EBV was strongly associated with the risk of neoplasia (aOR 12.0, 95% CI 4.3\u201033.5; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01) mainly in HIV individuals (HIV positive, aOR 57.5; 95% CI: 10.1\u2010327.1; HIV negative aOR 2.6; 95% CI: 0.2\u201034.7). NGS allowed to identify 13 putative novel HPVs in cases and controls. Our findings suggest a role of beta HPV types and EBV, in conjunctival SCC. However, additional studies of viral expression in tumor tissue are required to confirm the causal association.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T16:16:48Z","timestamp":1591892208000},"page":"2862-2870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Detection of a large spectrum of viral infections in conjunctival premalignant and malignant lesions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Luisa","family":"Galati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization  Lyon Cedex 08 France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Damien","family":"Combes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization  Lyon Cedex 08 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