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We quantified cancer risk in relation to smoking in a population\u2010based cohort, the 45 and Up Study (2006\u20102009) in New South Wales, Australia. Cox proportional hazards regressions estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HR) by self\u2010reported smoking history at baseline (2006\u20102009) for incident, primary cancers via linkage to cancer registry data to 2013 and cancer death data to 2015. Among 229\u2009028 participants aged \u226545\u2009years, 18\u2009475 cancers and 5382 cancer deaths occurred. Current\u2010smokers had increased risks of all cancers combined (HR\u00a0=\u00a01.42, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34\u20101.51), cancers of the lung (HR\u00a0=\u00a017.66, 95%CI, 14.65\u201021.29), larynx (HR\u00a0=\u00a011.29, 95%CI, 5.49\u201023.20), head\u2010and\u2010neck (HR\u00a0=\u00a02.53, 95%CI, 1.87\u20103.41), oesophagus (HR\u00a0=\u00a03.84, 95%CI, 2.33\u20106.35), liver (HR\u00a0=\u00a04.07, 95%CI, 2.55\u20106.51), bladder (HR\u00a0=\u00a03.08, 95%CI, 2.00\u20104.73), pancreas (HR\u00a0=\u00a02.68, 95%CI, 1.93\u20103.71), colorectum (HR\u00a0=\u00a01.31, 95%CI, 1.09\u20101.57) and unknown primary site (HR\u00a0=\u00a03.26, 95%CI, 2.19\u20104.84) versus never\u2010smokers. Hazards increased with increasing smoking intensity; compared to never\u2010smokers, lung cancer HR\u00a0=\u00a09.22 (95%CI, 5.14\u201016.55) for 1\u20105 cigarettes\/day and 38.61 (95%CI, 25.65\u201058.13) for &gt;35 cigarettes\/day. Lung cancer risk was lower with quitting at any age but remained higher than never\u2010smokers for quitters aged &gt;25y. By age 80y, an estimated 48.3% of current\u2010smokers (41.1% never\u2010smokers) will develop cancer, and 14% will develop lung cancer, including 7.7% currently smoking 1\u20105 cigarettes\/day and 26.4% for &gt;35 cigarettes\/day (1.0% never\u2010smokers). Cancer risk for Australian smokers is significant, even for 'light' smokers. These contemporary estimates underpin the need for continued investment in strategies to prevent smoking uptake and facilitate cessation, which remain key to reducing cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T12:35:12Z","timestamp":1621514112000},"page":"1076-1088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Cancer incidence and cancer death in relation to tobacco smoking in a population\u2010based Australian cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5731-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne F.","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Daffodil Centre The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture With Cancer Council NSW  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9596-6825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter E. 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