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We used six European adult cohorts which were recruited between 1985 and 2005, pooled within the \u201cEffects of low\u2010level air pollution: A study in Europe\u201d (ELAPSE) project, and followed for the incidence of liver cancer until 2011 to 2015. The annual average exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2<\/jats:sub>), particulate matter with diameter <2.5\u00a0\u03bcm (PM2.5<\/jats:sub>), black carbon (BC), warm\u2010season ozone (O3<\/jats:sub>), and eight elemental components of PM2.5<\/jats:sub> (copper, iron, zinc, sulfur, nickel, vanadium, silicon, and potassium) were estimated by European\u2010wide hybrid land\u2010use regression models at participants' residential addresses. We analyzed the association between air pollution and liver cancer incidence by Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for potential confounders. Of 330\u2009064 cancer\u2010free adults at baseline, 512 developed liver cancer during a mean follow\u2010up of 18.1\u2009years. We observed positive linear associations between NO2<\/jats:sub> (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval: 1.17, 1.02\u20101.35 per 10\u00a0\u03bcg\/m3<\/jats:sup>), PM2.5<\/jats:sub> (1.12, 0.92\u20101.36 per 5\u00a0\u03bcg\/m3<\/jats:sup>), and BC (1.15, 1.00\u20101.33 per 0.5 10\u22125<\/jats:sup>\/m) and liver cancer incidence. Associations with NO2<\/jats:sub> and BC persisted in two\u2010pollutant models with PM2.5<\/jats:sub>. Most components of PM2.5<\/jats:sub> were associated with the risk of liver cancer, with the strongest associations for sulfur and vanadium, which were robust to adjustment for PM2.5<\/jats:sub> or NO2<\/jats:sub>. Our study suggests that ambient air pollution may increase the risk of liver cancer, even at concentrations below current EU standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T06:41:22Z","timestamp":1626676882000},"page":"1887-1897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Long\u2010term exposure to air pollution and liver cancer incidence in six European cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2113-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rina","family":"So","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen 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