{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:47:44Z","timestamp":1785527264370,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01ES009137\u201011A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01ES009137\u201011A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50ES018172\/EPA RD83615901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50ES018172\/EPA RD83615901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood infections and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are associated with pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). CMV dysregulates the host immune system and alters the immune response to subsequent antigenic exposures. We suspect that this immune dysregulation contributes to increased numbers of symptomatic infections in childhood allowing for expansion of pre\u2010leukemic clones. We explored the association between childhood infections, maternal infections during pregnancy and CMV\u2010positive ALL. Using a droplet digital PCR assay, we screened diagnostic ALL bone marrow samples from the California Childhood Leukemia Study (1995\u20102015) for the presence of CMV DNA identifying CMV\u2010positive and CMV\u2010negative cases. We performed a case\u2010only analysis (n\u00a0=\u00a0524) comparing the number and types of childhood infections and maternal infections during pregnancy between CMV\u2010positive and CMV\u2010negative ALL cases using logistic regression. With increasing numbers of infections in the first 12\u2009months of life, children were more likely to classify to the highest tertile of CMV DNA in the bone marrow at diagnosis (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01\u20101.08). Specifically, those reporting cough or flu in the first 12\u2009months were more likely to be CMV\u2010positive at ALL diagnosis (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.06\u20104.37 and OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.17\u20103.63 respectively). Furthermore, those with a history of maternal infection during pregnancy were more likely to be CMV\u2010positive (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.24\u20103.62). We hypothesize that children with underlying immune dysregulation develop more symptomatic infections in childhood and ultimately CMV\u2010positive ALL; this underlying immune dysregulation may be due to early immune system alterations via CMV exposure (in utero or early infancy) proposing a potential link between CMV and ALL etiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T05:19:25Z","timestamp":1663219165000},"page":"845-853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Associations between early\u2010life and in utero infections and cytomegalovirus\u2010positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0860-7184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Gallant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katti","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Metayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health University of California Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice Y.","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health University of California Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4880-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam J.","family":"de Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4838-9951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Wiemels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"Nathan and Oski's Hematology and Oncology of Infancy and Childhood","author":"Orkin 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