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We investigated the contribution of tobacco use (smoking and smokeless) to ESCC in Tanzania, Malawi and Kenya. Hospital\u2010based ESCC case\u2010control studies were conducted in the three countries. Incident cases and controls were interviewed using a comprehensive questionnaire which included questions on tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) of ESCC associated with tobacco, adjusted for age, sex, alcohol use, religion, education and area of residence. One thousand two hundred seventy\u2010nine cases and 1345 controls were recruited between August 5, 2013, and May 24, 2020. Ever\u2010tobacco use was associated with increased ESCC risk in all countries: Tanzania (OR 3.09, 95%CI 1.83\u20105.23), and in Malawi (OR 2.45, 95%CI 1.80\u20103.33) and lesser in Kenya (OR 1.37, 95%CI 0.94\u20102.00). Exclusive smokeless tobacco use was positively associated with ESCC risk, in Tanzania, Malawi and Kenya combined (OR 1.92, 95%CI 1.26\u20102.92). ESCC risk increased with tobacco smoking intensity and duration of smoking. Tobacco use is an important risk factor of ESCC in Tanzania, Malawi and Kenya. Our study provides evidence that smoking and smokeless tobacco cessation are imperative in reducing ESCC risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T06:18:35Z","timestamp":1675405115000},"page":"2269-2282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The contribution of smoking and smokeless tobacco to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk in the African oesophageal cancer corridor: Results from the <scp>ESCCAPE<\/scp> multicentre case\u2010control studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3429-2585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Simba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\/WHO)  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Menya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Heath Moi University  Eldoret Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blandina T.","family":"Mmbaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Dzamalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi College of Medicine  Blantyre Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Finch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi College of Medicine  Blantyre Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yohannie","family":"Mlombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred N. Binka School of Public Heath University of Health and Allied Sciences  Hohoe Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Mremi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clement T.","family":"Narh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\/WHO)  Lyon France"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred N. 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