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Using the China Kadoorie Biobank, a large\u2010scale prospective cohort with 302\u2009510 women aged 30 to 79\u2009years recruited from 10 regions in China during 2004 to 2008, we assessed the risk of lung cancer death among self\u2010reported never\u2010smoking women who were cancer\u2010free at baseline, in relation to age at menarche, age at menopause, time since menopause, prior use of oral contraceptives (OCP), number of livebirths, breastfeeding and age at first livebirth. Women were followed up to December 31, 2016 with linkage to mortality data. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox regression, adjusting for key confounders including several socio\u2010demographic, environmental and lifestyle factors. Among 287\u2009408 never\u2010smoking women, 814 died from lung cancer with a median follow\u2010up of 10.3\u2009years. Women who had used OCP within 15\u2009years prior to baseline had a significantly higher hazard of lung cancer death compared with never\u2010users: HR\u00a0=\u00a01.85 (95% CI: 1.14\u20103.00) and risk increased by 6% with each additional year of use: HR\u00a0=\u00a01.06 (1.01\u20101.10). Among parous women, the hazard of lung cancer death increased by 13% with each single livebirth: HR\u00a0=\u00a01.13 (1.05\u20101.23); and among post\u2010menopausal women, the risk increased by 2% with each year since menopause: HR\u00a0=\u00a01.02 (1.01\u20101.04). These results suggest that reproductive factors which were proxies for lower endogenous oestrogen level, for example, longer duration of OCP use, could play a role in lung cancer development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T03:31:50Z","timestamp":1678764710000},"page":"2528-2540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Female reproductive and hormonal factors and lung cancer mortality among never\u2010smokers: A prospective cohort study of 287\u2009408 Chinese women"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0021-196X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvin S.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Daffodil Centre The University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Sydney School of 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