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Our objective was to compare screening engagement among individuals randomized to self\u2010collect an anal canal specimen at home or to attend a clinic appointment. Specimen adequacy was then assessed for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA genotyping. A randomized trial recruited cisgendered sexual minority men and transgender people in the community and assigned them to use a home\u2010based self\u2010collection swabbing kit or attend a clinic\u2010based swabbing. Swabs were sent for HPV genotyping. The proportions of participants completing screening in each study arm and the adequacy of their specimens for HPV genotyping were assessed. Relative risks were estimated for factors associated with screening. A total of 240 individuals were randomized. Age (median, 46\u2009years) and HIV status (27.1% living with HIV) did not differ by study arm. A total of 89.2% and 74.2% of home\u2010arm and clinic\u2010arm individuals returned the swab, respectively (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.003), difference between groups, 15.0% (95% CI 5.4%\u201024.6%). Among black individuals, 96.2% and 63.2% in the home and clinic arms screened (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.006). Among individuals with HIV, 89.5% and 51.9% in the home and clinic arms screened (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Self\u2010collected swabs and clinician\u2010collected swabs were comparable in adequacy for HPV genotyping (96.3% and 93.3%, respectively). People at highest risk for anal cancer may be more likely to screen if they are able to self\u2010collect swabs at home rather than attend a clinic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T18:43:49Z","timestamp":1683657829000},"page":"843-853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Home\u2010based self\u2010sampling vs clinician sampling for anal precancer screening: The Prevent Anal Cancer Self\u2010Swab Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2020-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan G.","family":"Nyitray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Cancer Center Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Center for AIDS Intervention Research Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston School of Public Health  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8936-8108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish A.","family":"Deshmukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"},{"name":"Cancer Control Program, Hollings Cancer Center Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Ridolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Lundeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Cockerham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vivent Health  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Wenten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Holton Street Clinic  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Petroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Intervention Research Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Hilgeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1256-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Y.","family":"Chiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5440-8859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna R.","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer Moffitt Cancer Center &amp; Research Institute  Tampa Florida 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