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Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated for established cancer risk factors using three data sources: the national cancer incidence reports, relative risks extracted from global and national meta\u2010analyses, and exposure prevalence from national\/subnational population\u2010based surveys. In addition to overall cancers, the PAFs were estimated separately for each cancer site among men and women. Overall, 32.6% of cancers in 2020 in Iran were attributable to known risk factors. The PAF in men (40.2%) was twice as high as in women (21.1%). Cigarette smoking (15.4%), being overweight (5.0%), opium use (3.9%) and <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection (3.8%) were the leading causes of cancers. For men, the highest PAFs belonged to cigarette smoking (26.3%), opium use (6.8%) and being overweight (3.1%), while for women, the highest PAFs belonged to being overweight (7.2%), <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection (2.7%) and cigarette smoking (2.7%). Among Iranian men and women, the PAFs of waterpipe smoking were 2% and 0.9%, respectively. A third of incident cancers in Iran are due to modifiable exposures, mainly cigarette smoking, being overweight, and <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection. Opium consumption and waterpipe smoking collectively accounted for 8.8% of cancer occurrence in men and 1.3% in women in Iran. These emerging risk factors should be taken into consideration in future PAF studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T09:12:14Z","timestamp":1691399534000},"page":"1758-1765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Population attributable proportion and number of cancer cases attributed to potentially modifiable risk factors in Iran in 2020"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Saeed","family":"Nemati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Mohebbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University  Washington District of Columbia 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