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However, HPV seroepidemiology in noncervical HPV\u2010related cancers remains poorly understood, particularly in populations with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Using a glutathione S\u2010transferase\u2010based multiplex serology assay, antibodies against E6, E7 and L1 proteins of HPV16 and HPV18 were measured in sera of 535 cases of noncervical HPV\u2010related cancers (anal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009104), vulval (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009211), vaginal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200949), penile (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200937) and oropharyngeal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009134)) and 6651 non\u2010infection\u2010related cancer controls, from the Johannesburg Cancer Study that recruited Black South African with newly diagnosed cancer between 1995 and 2016. Logistic and Poisson regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in cases versus controls. HPV16 E6 was more strongly associated with noncervical HPV\u2010related cancers than HPV16 L1 or E7, or HPV18 proteins: anal (females (HPV16 E6 aOR\u2009=\u200911.50;95%CI:6.0\u201322.2), males (aOR\u2009=\u200910.12;95%CI:4.9\u201320.8), vulval (aOR\u2009=\u200911.69;95%CI:7.9\u201317.2), vaginal (aOR\u2009=\u200910.26;95%CI:5.0\u201321), penile (aOR\u2009=\u200918.95;95%CI:8.9\u201340), and oropharyngeal (females (aOR\u2009=\u20098.95;95%CI:2.9\u201327.5), males (aOR\u2009=\u20093.49;95%CI:1.8\u20137.0)) cancers. HPV16\u2010E6 seropositivity ranged from 24.0% to 35.1% in anal, vulval, vaginal and penile cancer but was significantly lower (11.2%) in oropharyngeal cancer. After adjustment for HIV, prevalence of which increased from 22.2% in 1995\u20132005 to 54.1% in 2010\u20132016, HPV16 E6 seropositivity increased by period of diagnosis (aPR for 2010\u20132016 vs. 1995\u20132006\u2009=\u20091.84;95%CI:1.1\u20133.0). Assuming HPV16 E6 seroprevalence reflects HPV attributable fraction, the proportion of certain noncervical\u2010HPV\u2010related cancers caused by HPV is increasing over time in South Africa. This is expected to be driven by the increasing influence of HIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T09:34:25Z","timestamp":1712309665000},"page":"251-260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antibodies against high\u2010risk human papillomavirus proteins as markers for noncervical <scp>HPV<\/scp>\u2010related cancers in a Black South African population, according to <scp>HIV<\/scp> status"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Mwiza Gideon","family":"Singini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\/WHO) Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch  Lyon France"},{"name":"National Cancer Registry National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1955-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazvita","family":"Muchengeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Registry National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"South African DSI\u2010NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA) Stellenbosch University  Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddy","family":"Sitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care and Equity, School of Population Health University of New South Wales Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Menzies Center of Health Policy, School of Public Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlong Carl","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Registry National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Strengthening Oncology Services Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Damien","family":"Combes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\/WHO) Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Waterboer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Division German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7534-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary M.","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\/WHO) Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30488-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Meeting (2008\u20132009): Lyon F International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization. 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