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However, little is known about the associations of both, inflammation and the use of non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), with preneoplastic lesions. We analyzed the association of NSAIDs and gallbladder dysplasia in 82 patients with dysplasia and 1843 patients with gallstones among symptomatic patients from a high\u2010risk population. We also analyzed associations for 33 circulating immune\u2010related proteins in a subsample of all 68 dysplasia cases diagnosed at the time of sample selection and 136 gallstone controls. We calculated age\u2010 and sex\u2010adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Biliary colic was reported among most cases (97.6%) and controls (83.9%). NSAID use was inversely associated with gallbladder dysplasia (OR: 0.48, 95%CI: 0.26\u20130.83). Comparing the highest versus lowest category of each immune\u2010related protein, eight proteins were inversely associated with dysplasia with sex\u2010 and age\u2010adjusted ORs ranging from 0.30 (95%CI: 0.12\u20130.77) for IL\u201033 to 0.76 (95%CI: 0.59\u20130.99) for MIP\u20101B. Of those, GRO remained associated with dysplasia (OR: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.45\u20130.91) and BCA\u20101 was borderline associated (OR: 0.74, 95%CI: 0.54\u20131.01) after adjusting the logistic regression model for sex, age, and NSAIDs. In conclusion, NSAID users were less likely to have gallbladder dysplasia, suggesting that NSAIDs might be beneficial for symptomatic gallstones patients. The inverse association between immune\u2010related markers and dysplasia requires additional research, ideally in prospective studies with asymptomatic participants, to understand the role of the inflammatory response in the natural history of GBC and to address the biological effect of NSAIDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T05:11:13Z","timestamp":1730437873000},"page":"1380-1392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drug use and inflammatory markers associated with gallbladder dysplasia: A case\u2013control analysis within a series of patients undergoing cholecystectomy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"156","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3785-2146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile  Santiago Chile"},{"name":"Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paz","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile  Santiago Chile"},{"name":"Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile  Santiago Chile"},{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina 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