{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T04:04:24Z","timestamp":1746849864126,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A protective effect of childhood vaccinations on leukemia risk, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), has been hypothesized, though findings are inconsistent. We used a nationwide cohort of Danish children born 1997\u20132018 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091,360,230), to examine associations between childhood vaccinations and leukemia (&lt;20\u2009years) using registry data (follow\u2010up: December 31, 2018). Cox proportional hazard models with age as the underlying time estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for leukemia (any, ALL, acute myeloid [AML], and other), comparing vaccinated with unvaccinated children. We also accessed the effect of each additional vaccine dose. During 14,536,819 person\u2010years, 771 children were diagnosed with leukemia (74% ALL, 16% AML, and 10% other). Any vaccination was associated with an increased HR for ALL (HR: 2.76; 95% CI: 0.66\u201311.58), compared to unvaccinated children, with a change in HR of 1.01 (95% CI: 0.96\u20131.05) per dose. The corresponding HRs for any leukemia, AML, and other leukemia were 1.04 (95% CI: 0.50\u20132.17), 0.67 (95% CI: 0.18\u20132.59) and 0.29 (95% CI: 0.09\u20130.99), with a change in HR of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94\u20131.02), 0.92 (95% CI: 0.84\u20131.00, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.062) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.78\u20131.00, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.044) per dose. No significant associations were found for vaccination types, except for the pneumococcal vaccine which was associated with a decreased risk of other leukemia (HR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.14\u20130.74). In six\u2010months lag analyses, no significant associations were observed, and decreased risks were attenuated. The results provide no strong evidence that childhood vaccinations reduce leukemia risk. The limited number of unvaccinated cases and wide confidence intervals suggest cautious interpretation of some findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T17:52:54Z","timestamp":1737049974000},"page":"55-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Childhood vaccinations and the risk of leukemia: A nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Aya","family":"Alberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus, Lifestyle and Genes Danish Cancer Institute  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne K.","family":"Kjaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus, Lifestyle and Genes Danish Cancer Institute  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4857-7186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Signe H.","family":"S\u00f8egaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology Danish Cancer Institute  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3440-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanette F.","family":"Winther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Childhood Cancer Research Group Danish Cancer Institute  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Aarhus University and University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kjeld","family":"Schmiegelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Juliane Marie Center Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liza","family":"Sopina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Center for Health Economics, Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9982-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friederike","family":"Erdmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Aetiology and Inequalities in Childhood Cancer, Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI) University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz  Mainz Germany"},{"name":"Department of Prevention and Evaluation Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology\u2014BIPS  Bremen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6821-9242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Hargreave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus, Lifestyle and Genes Danish Cancer Institute  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"FerlayJ ColombetM BrayF.Cancer incidence in five continents CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9. 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