{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:22:54Z","timestamp":1785529374794,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005189","name":"Leukemia and Lymphoma Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In cancer, mutational processes act in concert with epigenetic reprogramming to endow malignant cells with hallmark properties that underpin tumorigenesis. Compared with the relatively rigid and slow processes of genetic evolution, the plastic nature of chromatin enables cells to adapt to a changing environment more rapidly. Multiple myeloma is characterised by high levels of inter\u2010 and intra\u2010patient heterogeneity at both the genetic and epigenetic levels. Understanding the many layers of genetic and non\u2010genetic evolution and their interplay is crucial to improve patient outcomes. In this short review, we discuss the most common and extensively characterised epigenetic alterations that occur during myeloma development. We also touch on emerging approaches to reverse the aberrant epigenome of myeloma cells as a treatment strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T04:29:03Z","timestamp":1743740943000},"page":"423-432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Epigenetic reprogramming in multiple myeloma\u2014Challenges and opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Subhasree","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8742-8138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lev M.","family":"Kats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008733"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09837"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.59.1503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-03-840132"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11680-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00927-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07261-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1969-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-0270-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-298349"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023022859"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022016212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-1790"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000358"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16546"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-021-00766-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-09-808063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.265520.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25704-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-2931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00550-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00421-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-23-0061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-23-0062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023019758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax0249"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01793-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45561-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-023-01983-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-04-279539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202493"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.979569"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgp149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-021-00938-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.180240.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0028-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020010452"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14352"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24431"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","first-page":"5023","article-title":"Downregulation of DCC sensitizes multiple myeloma cells to bortezomib treatment","volume":"19","author":"Rodrigues\u2010Junior DM","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-3336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal2380"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1198-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10330-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11246"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2024.100542"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47793-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40584-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-1900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-16-0242-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20715-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26951-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00884-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22804-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1805035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam7304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2010.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10860"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012670"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0077-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0382-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2536759100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190701817258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2012.661175"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2023.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(16)30147-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes2030016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01321-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589\u2010024\u201001660\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01819-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01471-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.10483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00796"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-178090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.021"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijc.35426","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:49:05Z","timestamp":1763542145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ijc.35426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ijc.35426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.35426","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7136","1097-0215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7136","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}