{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:05:23Z","timestamp":1777043123111,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014422","name":"Eli Lilly Japan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014422","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>No standard second\u2010line chemotherapy has been established for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). This study aimed to determine whether ramucirumab (RAM) is a treatment candidate in this setting. We retrospectively collected data from patients with gastric and colorectal NEC who received second\u2010line chemotherapy following platinum\u2010based chemotherapy. The pathological diagnosis of NEC was confirmed centrally according to the World Health Organization 2019 classification. We compared the clinical outcomes between second\u2010 or later\u2010line chemotherapy in the RAM group and second\u2010line chemotherapy in the non\u2010RAM group. One\u2010hundred patients diagnosed with NEC by central pathological review were studied. The RAM and non\u2010RAM groups included 44 (gastric\/colorectal cancer, 34\/10) and 56 (37\/19) patients, respectively. In the RAM group, 68% of patients received RAM as second\u2010line chemotherapy. RAM was most frequently combined with weekly paclitaxel for gastric NEC and FOLFIRI for colorectal NEC. The RAM group showed better trends in overall survival and progression\u2010free survival than the non\u2010RAM group, with a median of 9.0 versus 5.6\u2009months and 4.3 versus 1.8\u2009months, respectively (hazard ratios [HR]: 0.75 [95% CI: 0.45\u20131.28] and 0.45 [0.27\u20130.75]). Efficacy was more pronounced in gastric NEC (PFS HR: 0.32, OS HR: 0.56) compared to colorectal NEC (PFS HR: 0.82, OS HR: 1.47). The objective response rate was significantly higher in the RAM group (44%) than in the non\u2010RAM group (6%), with notably higher responses observed in patients receiving paclitaxel plus RAM (62%). This study suggested that RAM\u2010containing chemotherapy, especially paclitaxel plus RAM for gastric NEC, seems promising and should be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.70053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T14:44:29Z","timestamp":1753281869000},"page":"2577-2588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ramucirumab\u2010containing chemotherapy for patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma refractory\/intolerant to platinum\u2010based chemotherapy: A multicenter observational retrospective study (WJOG13420G)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Yuki","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology Aichi Cancer Center Hospital  Nagoya Aichi Prefecture Japan"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology National Cancer Center 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University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology Shizuoka Cancer Center  Nagaizumi Shizuoka Prefecture Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Yanagihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology Kansai Electric Power Hospital  Osaka City Osaka Prefecture Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-0021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takaya","family":"Shimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences  Nagoya City Aichi Prefecture 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