{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T05:04:38Z","timestamp":1767589478685,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We investigated cancer risk among individuals with a prior bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis using a retrospective cohort study of all Albertan residents diagnosed with chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis during 2000\u20132014, that was then linked to the Alberta Cancer Registry. Follow\u2010up started 5\u2009years from their first bacterial STI diagnosis and continued until the first instance of a cancer diagnosis, death, or the study end date (December 31, 2019). Internal comparisons between the bacterial STI groups were undertaken using adjusted hazard ratios, while sex\u2010specific standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated to compare cancer risk with the Alberta general population. The likelihood of developing cancer was largely comparable within the bacterial STI cohort, though head\/neck cancer was more common after only gonorrhea exposure, and lung cancer was more common after only syphilis exposure. When compared with the general population, statistically significant SIRs were observed among females for cervical cancer (SIR\u2009=\u20091.9, 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.5, 2.3) and thyroid cancer (SIR\u2009=\u20090.8, 95%CI\u2009=\u20090.6, 0.9); females exposed to chlamydia with other STIs, or gonorrhea with other STIs, were also 3.2\u2010 and 2.9\u2010times more likely to develop colon cancer, respectively. In males, statistically significantly associations were identified for cancer overall (SIR\u2009=\u20091.1, 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.0, 1.2) and Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR\u2009=\u20091.8, 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.0, 2.9); males exposed to chlamydia only were also 1.5\u2010 and 1.6\u2010times more likely to develop prostate and testicular cancer, respectively, while males exposed to only syphilis were 2.4\u2010times more likely to develop lung cancer. Our findings are consistent with common bacterial STIs being correlates of risk of certain cancers, although the possible etiologic mechanisms may be indirect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.70215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T03:49:42Z","timestamp":1763178582000},"page":"1383-1395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk of cancer among individuals with a history of bacterial sexually transmitted infections: A population\u2010based study in Alberta, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Hina M.","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research Cancer Care Alberta  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8920-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taylor","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research Cancer Care Alberta  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4409-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo L.","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten M.","family":"Fiest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Gratrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Services Primary Care Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra A.","family":"Smyczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Services Primary Care Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arfan R.","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Deardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliya","family":"Kassam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9594-9881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda M.","family":"Fidler\u2010Benaoudia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research Cancer Care Alberta  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.240095"},{"volume-title":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cancer Tomorrow","year":"2024","author":"WHO","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20170144"},{"volume-title":"Alberta Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV|Annual Report","year":"2024","author":"Alberta Health","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1"},{"volume-title":"Government of Canada's Sexually Transmitted and Blood\u2010Borne Infections (STBBI) Action Plan 2024\u20132030","year":"2024","author":"Public Health Agency of Canada","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01322"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30488-7"},{"volume-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) Surveillance Report, Alberta, 1998 to 2002","year":"2004","author":"Sutherland K","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1"},{"volume-title":"Notifiable Disease Guidelines. Health Professional and Delivery Resources","year":"2021","author":"Alberta Health","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1"},{"volume-title":"Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan (AHCIP)","year":"2022","author":"Alberta Health Services","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1"},{"volume-title":"The 2024 Report on Cancer Statistics in Alberta. Surveillance and Reporting","year":"2024","author":"Cancer Care Alberta","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1"},{"volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd Edition (ICD\u2010O\u20103)","year":"2000","author":"World Health Organization","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1"},{"volume-title":"RCC Anti\u2010Racism Strategy 2.0 (2021\u20132024)\u2013Glossary. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) Anti\u2010Racism Strategy 2.0 (2021\u20132024)","year":"2022","author":"Government of Canada","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1"},{"volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 18","year":"2023","author":"StataCorp","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003077"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100454"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19900115)65:2<380::AID-CNCR2820650234>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90432-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01097-3"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Association of human papillomavirus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis co\u2010infections on the risk of high\u2010grade squamous intraepithelial cervical lesion","volume":"6","author":"Abreu AL","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/23.2.381"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054706"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"678","article-title":"Lung cancer in HIV\u2010infected patients in the combination antiretroviral treatment era","volume":"4","author":"Molt\u00f3 J","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002344"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35355"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00355"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1994.337"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102781"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2020.1748709"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5758387"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v46i09a06"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp350"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1617-9625-4-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00721.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"A systematic review on the impact of alcohol use on sexually transmitted infections","volume":"11","author":"Llamosas\u2010Falc\u00f3n L","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Alcohol Drug Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710153171601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CACO.0000003837.10664.7f"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711063371904"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.14416"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Changing trends in thyroid cancer incidence in Canada: a histologic examination, 1992 to 2016","volume":"31","author":"Ellison LF","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"volume-title":"Certain Circumstances: Issues in Equity and Responsiveness in Access to Health Care in Canada","year":"2001","author":"Health Canada","key":"e_1_2_11_43_1"},{"volume-title":"Census of Canada Aboriginal People","year":"2016","author":"Office of Statistics and Information\u2010Demography","key":"e_1_2_11_44_1"},{"volume-title":"Counts of Visible Minority Groups, Alberta, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021","year":"2022","author":"Statistics Canada","key":"e_1_2_11_45_1"},{"volume-title":"A Statistical Portrait of Canada's Diverse LGBTQ2+ Communities. The Daily, Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 11\u2010001\u2010X","year":"2021","author":"Statistics Canada","key":"e_1_2_11_46_1"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Do cancer incidence and mortality rates differ among ethnicities in Canada?","volume":"32","author":"Hwee J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat Canada Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpo.2021.100309"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053825"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","unstructured":"List of Classifications by Cancer Sites with Sufficient or Limited Evidence in Humans; 2024.https:\/\/monographs.iarc.who.int\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Classifications_by_cancer_site.pdf. Accessed February 27 2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.150451"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijc.70215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T05:00:12Z","timestamp":1767589212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ijc.70215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ijc.70215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.70215","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7136","1097-0215"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0020-7136"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1097-0215"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}