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Case\u2010control study including former smokers from the pooled INHANCE data, with information on sociodemographic, smoking, and alcohol history. Associations were assessed using logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The study included 2143 cases with HNC and 5799 controls. Cancer cases were categorized by their respective subsites: 954 LC (44.5%), 685 OPC (32.0%), 504 OCC (23.5%). The risk of developing OCC was 2.8\u2010fold higher [CI: 1.9\u20134.1], LC 2.6\u2010fold higher [CI: 1.9\u20133.5], and OPC 2.1\u2010fold higher [CI: 1.5\u20132.8] in individuals who smoked &gt;\u200950 pack\u2010years, compared to &lt;\u200910 pack\u2010years. The risk of OCC\/OPC\/LC increased with tobacco consumption in North\u2010America, whereas in Western\/Southern\u2010Europe and South\u2010America the association plateaued beyond 31\u201350 pack\u2010years. Cessation after age 55 increased the risk of LC by 3.0\u2010fold [CI: 2.2\u20134.2], and OCC by 2.2\u2010fold [CI: 1.4\u20133.3] versus cessation age\u2009\u2264\u200945\u2009years. Consuming \u2265\u20095 drinks\/day was associated with 5\u2010fold higher risk of OPC [CI: 3.7\u20136.6], 4.4\u2010fold higher risk of OCC [CI: 3.2\u20136.1] and 3.1\u2010fold higher risk of LC [CI: 2.4\u20133.9] compared to 0\u20130.9 drinks\/day. The risk of HNC among former smokers is not homogeneous across regions and that there were distinct patterns for OCC, OPC, and LC. The amount of tobacco and alcohol consumption are key risk factors, with alcohol being more important for OCC\/OPC, and tobacco being more strongly associated with LC risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.70497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T10:06:49Z","timestamp":1776766009000},"page":"1204-1217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk of Head and Neck Cancer in Former Smokers by Subsite: A Multicenter Analysis From the\n                    <scp>INHANCE<\/scp>\n                    Consortium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3914-3108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus","family":"de Abreu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Statistics Nucleus, International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center  S\u00e3o Paulo 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