{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:21:40Z","timestamp":1788265300232,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1029885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1029885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy with few known modifiable risk factors. Early\u2010life exposures may influence immune system development and, in turn, affect cancer susceptibility. We examined whether exposures while in utero or during early childhood were associated with MM risk. We conducted a population\u2010 and family\u2010based case\u2013control study with 782\u2009MM cases and 1121 controls. Early\u2010life exposures including maternal smoking, being breastfed, childhood growth patterns, household living arrangements, and pet ownership were self\u2010reported. Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for age at enrolment, sex, country of birth, socioeconomic position, rural\u2013urban residence and birth weight, were fitted using multiple imputation by chained equations to handle missing data. Living in a home with five or more children was associated with a lower risk of MM (OR\u2009=\u20090.57, 95% CI: 0.38\u20130.86). Sharing a bedroom before age 11\u2009years (OR\u2009=\u20090.80, 95% CI: 0.64\u20131.00) and pet ownership in early childhood (OR\u2009=\u20090.76, 95% CI: 0.60\u20130.98) were also inversely associated with MM risk. No clear associations were observed for maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR\u2009=\u20091.09, 95% CI: 0.79\u20131.51), being breastfed (OR\u2009=\u20090.96, 95% CI: 0.72\u20131.28), or height relative to peers at age 7 or 11 (7\u2009years: OR\u2009=\u20091.10, 95% CI: 0.86\u20131.41; 11\u2009years: OR\u2009=\u20091.06, 95% CI: 0.83\u20131.34). Our findings support the hypothesis that early\u2010life immune stimulation through environmental exposures may reduce the risk of MM. Further studies are needed to elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying these associations and to explore potential preventive strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.70539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T03:20:28Z","timestamp":1778815228000},"page":"1697-1706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early\u2010Life Exposures and Risk of Multiple Myeloma: A Population\u2010Based Case\u2013Control Study in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4536-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuoyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Tianjin Medical University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0799-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie K.","family":"Bassett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division Cancer Council Victoria  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Cheah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division Cancer Council Victoria  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona J.","family":"Bruinsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division Cancer Council Victoria  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Cozen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Clinical Haematology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Miles","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Epworth Healthcare  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Wong Doo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Concord Clinical School University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham G.","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division Cancer Council Victoria  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger L.","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division Cancer Council Victoria  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8060-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigid M.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division Cancer Council Victoria  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-0523-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-1204"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04067"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001531"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy259"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00528-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165040"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-00784-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230721"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.PastorinhoandA.Sousa \u201cPets as Sentinels Forecasters and Promoters of Human Health \u201d 2020.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30734-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429418"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jha2.337"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102036"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/1076998616687084"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2010.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280206074464"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214503000000611"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0477-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0254-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S61528"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818001413"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.129.5.953"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2024.240405"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.621931"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145002"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","first-page":"S4","article-title":"The Immune System in Multiple Myeloma and Precursor States: Lessons and Implications for Immunotherapy and Interception","volume":"98","author":"Dhodapkar M. 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