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Using Danish registries, we conducted a population\u2010based case\u2013control study to investigate the relationship between maternal thyroid diseases and medication use and childhood cancer among offspring. Cases (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092521) diagnosed between 1973 and 2016 were ascertained from the Danish Cancer Registry, and controls (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200963,014) were randomly selected from the Central Population Registry and matched on sex and date of birth. Information on diagnoses and prescriptions was obtained from the National Patient Register and the National Prescription Register, respectively. Conditional logistic regression was applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Goiter was associated with any cancer (OR\u2009=\u20092.08, 95% CI: 1.44, 3.00), leukemia (OR\u2009=\u20092.18, 95% CI: 1.13, 4.18), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (OR\u2009=\u20092.12, 95% CI: 1.02, 4.42), and lymphoma (OR\u2009=\u20093.06, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.20, 7.82). There was no observed association between childhood cancer and maternal hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism; however, these results were likely underpowered. No increased risk of cancer was observed for maternal thyroid medication use. Though the small sample size must be considered, the elevated risk of cancer with maternal thyroid diseases, especially goiter, was notable.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.70576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:34:58Z","timestamp":1780983298000},"page":"1884-1890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Thyroid Diseases, Medication Use and Childhood Cancer Risks in Offspring: A Population\u2010Based Cohort Study in Denmark"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7069-4237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanjie","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chai","family":"Saechao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Health University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnni","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Cancer Institute Danish Cancer Society  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Ritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia E.","family":"Heck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences University of North Texas  Denton Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcped.2024.100145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16071297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE\u201015\u20100816"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019\u201001343"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz275"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215409"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Family History of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease and Childhood Acute Leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Perillat\u2010Menegaux F.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & 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