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In this systematic review and meta\u2010analysis, we searched four databases from inception to May 1, 2025, and included 1060 studies comprising 336,615 patients and 1.40 million person\u2010years of follow\u2010up. Using person\u2010time analysis, we estimated a global recurrence rate of 6.57 per 100 person\u2010years (95% CI, 6.28\u20136.87). Recurrence rates varied substantially across settings, with higher rates observed in lower\u2010middle\u2010income countries (10.16 per 100 person\u2010years) and in hypopharyngeal cancers (14.11 per 100 person\u2010years). Median follow\u2010up duration explained the largest share of between\u2010study heterogeneity (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200937.12%), and studies with shorter reported follow\u2010up tended to show higher annualized recurrence rates. Substantial differences in recurrence rates were noted when stratified by clinical and biological factors. Notably, the prognostic impact of patient age and tumor stage was time\u2010dependent, being most pronounced in the early post\u2010treatment period and attenuating over time. Patients with recurrent disease faced a high mortality risk, with a pooled case fatality rate of 55.80% (95% CI, 51.20\u201360.30). These findings quantify a high global recurrence rate of HNC with pronounced time dependence, informing risk\u2010adapted surveillance strategies and early, histology\u2010specific prevention to reduce recurrence\u2010related mortality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.70675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:16:20Z","timestamp":1785129380000},"page":"44-56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global Annualized Recurrence Rates and Dynamic Risk Profiles in Head and Neck Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Yiqiao","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases, Frontiers Science Center for Disease\u2010Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu 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