{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:41:13Z","timestamp":1791996073934,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]],"date-time":"2016-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the societal\u2010level costs of integrating cervical cancer screening into HIV clinics in Nairobi, Kenya.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional micro\u2010costing study was performed at Coptic Hope Center for Infectious Diseases and Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya, between July 1 and October 31, 2014. To estimate direct medical, non\u2010medical, and indirect costs associated with screening, a time\u2010and\u2010motion study was performed, and semi\u2010structured interviews were conducted with women aged at least 18\u00a0years attending the clinic for screening during the study period and with clinic staff who had experience relevant to cervical cancer screening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 148 patients and 23 clinic staff who participated in interviews. Visual inspection with acetic acid was associated with the lowest estimated marginal per\u2010screening costs ($3.30), followed by careHPV ($18.28), Papanicolaou ($24.59), and Hybrid Capture 2 screening ($31.15). Laboratory expenses were the main cost drivers for Papanicolaou and Hybrid Capture 2 testing ($11.61 and $16.41, respectively). Overhead and patient transportation affected the costs of all methods. Indirect costs were cheaper for single\u2010visit screening methods ($0.43 per screening) than two\u2010visit screening methods ($2.88 per screening).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Integrating cervical cancer screening into HIV clinics would be cost\u2010saving from a societal perspective compared with non\u2010integrated screening. These findings could be used in cost\u2010effectiveness analyses to assess incremental costs per clinical outcome in an integrated setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,13]],"date-time":"2017-01-13T04:43:47Z","timestamp":1484282627000},"page":"220-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Costs of integrating cervical cancer screening at an HIV clinic in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth L.","family":"Vodicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Babigumira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marita R.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose J.","family":"Kosgei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Kenyatta National Hospital  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly R.","family":"Mugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Kenyatta National Hospital  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy C.","family":"Okech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States International University University of Lukasa  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samah R.","family":"Sakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coptic Hope Center for Infectious Diseases  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Louis P.","family":"Garrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"FerlayJ SoerjomataramI ErvikM et\u00a0al.GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11.Lyon France:International Agency for Research on Cancer;2013.http:\/\/globocan.iarc.fr. 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