{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:43:09Z","timestamp":1782513789045,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vulvar and clitoral pain are known complications of female genital mutilation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGM<\/jats:styled-content>). Several interventions have been used to treat these conditions. This review focuses on surgical and nonsurgical interventions to improve vulvar and clitoral pain in women living with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGM<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the impact of nonsurgical and surgical interventions for alleviating vulvar and clitoral pain in women living with any type of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGM<\/jats:styled-content> and to assess the associated adverse events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Search strategy<\/jats:title><jats:p>The search included the following major databases: Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CENTRAL<\/jats:styled-content>), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content>, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. These were searched from inception until August 10, 2015 without any language restrictions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Selection criteria<\/jats:title><jats:p>Study designs included randomized controlled trials, cluster randomized trials, nonrandomized trials, cohort studies, case\u2013control studies, controlled before\u2010and\u2010after studies, historical control studies, and interrupted time series with reported data comparing outcomes among women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGM<\/jats:styled-content> who were treated for clitoral or vulvar pain with either surgical or nonsurgical interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data collection and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two team members independently screened studies for eligibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No studies were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limited information exists on management of vulvar and clitoral pain in women living with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGM<\/jats:styled-content>. This constitutes an important area for further research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PROSPERO<\/jats:styled-content> registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRD<\/jats:styled-content>42015024521.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T08:05:22Z","timestamp":1486368322000},"page":"34-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Surgical and nonsurgical interventions for vulvar and clitoral pain in girls and women living with female genital mutilation: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Ifeanyichukwu","family":"Ezebialu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Clinical Medicine College of Medicine Anambra State University  Awka 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