{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:18:19Z","timestamp":1790223499250,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology & Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To assess the effect of granulocyte macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor (\n GM<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) on unresponsive thin (<7\u00a0mm) endometrium in women undergoing frozen\u2010thawed embryo transfer.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A single\u2010center, randomized, prospective study enrolled 304 women with thin unresponsive endometrium from Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital between March 2017 and May 2018. Of them, 161 patients received an intrauterine infusion of\n GM<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n and 143 patients served as controls. After hysteroscopy, a gel with or without\n GM<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n was administered to fill the uterine cavity completely or up to 5\u00a0\n mL<\/jats:styled-content>\n only. The primary outcome was confirmed pregnancy and secondary outcomes included endometrial thickness and implantation rate.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Patients who were administered\n GM<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n had a significantly higher chemical pregnancy rate (35.3% vs 20.0%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.009) and clinical pregnancy rate (28.6% vs 13.3%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.005) compared with patients in the control group. Patients treated with\n GM<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n had significantly higher endometrial thickness compared with controls (7.83\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.45 mm vs 7.37\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.70\u00a0mm,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.003).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n GM<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n therapy can effectively increase endometrial thickness and improve the clinical pregnancy rate in patients with persistent thin endometrium. The therapeutic role of\n GM<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n for infertile women under in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (\n IVF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) treatment can be further explored.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Chinese Clinical Trial Register<\/jats:title>\n ChiCTR\u2010IPR\u201017011242<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]],"date-time":"2020-04-04T10:00:09Z","timestamp":1585994409000},"page":"194-199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Therapeutic role of granulocyte macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor (\n GM<\/scp>\n \u2010\n CSF<\/scp>\n ) in patients with persistent thin endometrium: A prospective and randomized 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