{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:08:02Z","timestamp":1776830882613,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp;amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM\/C) is considered a human rights violation and is practiced all over the world. It has been used as a basis for seeking asylum in various countries, including in the USA since 1996, and the precedent\u2010setting matter of Kissindja. Clinicians in the USA and elsewhere who perform asylum evaluations may be called upon to evaluate women who seek asylum based on their FGM\/C status or risk. In this manuscript, we provide expert\u2010informed best practices to conduct asylum evaluations based specifically on FGM\/C. We review evidence\u2010based history taking, physical examination unique to the population of women and girls affected by FGM\/C, and consider the evaluation in the context of trauma\u2010informed care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although general clinical skills often suffice to perform asylum evaluations, FGM\/C represents a unique niche within the field of gynecological asylum evaluations and requires additional background knowledge and clinical competencies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethical approval<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As this is a clinical review and does not involve patients or research subjects no ethical approval was sought or was necessary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T05:31:42Z","timestamp":1608787902000},"page":"3-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Conducting an asylum evaluation focused on female genital mutilation\/cutting status or risk"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Ranit","family":"Mishori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Medical Advisor, Physicians for Human Rights, Department of Family Medicine Georgetown University School of Medicine Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Ottenheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Holistic Health Initiative Harlem United\/URAM The Nest Community Health Center New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medstar Health\/Georgetown\u2014Washington Hospital Center Family Medicine Residency Program Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Fact Sheet: Female genital mutilation.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/female\u2010genital\u2010mutilation. Accessed October 12 2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"UNICEF.Female Genital Mutilation Country Profiles. Published2019.https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/resources\/fgm\u2010country\u2010profiles\/. Accessed October 12 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.UNHCR Protection Policy and Legal Advice Section Division of International Protection Services. Guidance Note on Refugee Claims Relating to Female Genital Mutilation. Geneva. May2009.https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/pdfid\/4a0c28492.pdf. Accessed November 1 2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"HarivandiZE.Invisible and Involuntary: Female Genital Mutilation as a Basis for Asylum. Cornell Law Review. Vol 95: 599.2010.http:\/\/cornelllawreview.org\/articles\/invisible\u2010and\u2010involuntary\u2010female\u2010genital\u2010mutilation\u2010as\u2010a\u2010basis\u2010for\u2010asylum\/Accessed November 1 2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"KimY.CRS Report to Congress. 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Volume 49; May2015.http:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/climatechange\u2010disasters\/flamand.html.Accessed November 1 2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijrl\/eew056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting (FGM\/C).USCIS.https:\/\/www.uscis.gov\/fgmc. Accessed November 1 2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"US Department of Justice. Matter of Kasindja.1996.https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/eoir\/legacy\/2014\/07\/25\/3278.pdf. Accessed July 12 2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-019-02213-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"FerdowsianH McKenzieK ZeidanA.Asylum Medicine: Standard and Best Practices \u2013 Health and Human Rights Journal. May 6 2019https:\/\/www.hhrjournal.org\/2019\/05\/asylum\u2010medicine\u2010standard\u2010and\u2010best\u2010practices\/. 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