{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:45:33Z","timestamp":1786977933706,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visualization of the lesions in the lower genital tract is the mainstay for diagnosis of the four lesions found in female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), but colposcopes are generally not available in low\u2010resource settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to review handheld devices that could potentially be used for FGS diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Search strategy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched Medline and Embase 2015\u20132019 for handheld devices used in cervical cancer screening and FGS diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Selection criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We excluded studies that did not compare the device to standard\u2010of\u2010care colposcopes or histopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main results and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 11 studies, four handheld colposcopes, two smartphones, and one compact digital camera were evaluated. Two handheld colposcopes were found to be potentially adequate for FGS diagnosis, namely Gynocular and Mobile ODT. The smartphones and digital camera did not have sufficient magnification to diagnose grainy sandy patches, one of the FGS lesion types. Customized software should be made to support the diagnosis of both FGS and cervical neoplasia. Real\u2010time postgraduate training and quality control should be considered in future studies of handheld colposcopes. For patients from schistosomiasis endemic areas, we recommend that handheld devices are used for FGS. Studies are needed to determine which of the two devices is most adequate for FGS diagnosis in schistosomiasis endemic areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T21:10:29Z","timestamp":1607980229000},"page":"190-199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["A systematic review of handheld tools in lieu of colposcopy for cervical neoplasia and female genital schistosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Solrun","family":"S\u00f8fteland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Center for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases Ullevaal Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motshedisi Hannah","family":"Sebitloane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myra","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borghild Barth","family":"Roald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Center for Pediatric and Pregnancy Related Pathology Department of Pathology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigve","family":"Holmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Center for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases Ullevaal Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hashini Nilushika","family":"Galappaththi\u2010Arachchige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Center for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases Ullevaal Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svein Gunnar","family":"Gundersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Development and Planning University of Agder Kristiansand Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyrun Floerecke","family":"Kjetland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Center for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases Ullevaal Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).Schistosomiasis Fact sheet February 2016. 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