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Despite efforts to reduce PTB and stillbirth worldwide, rates of these adverse outcomes remain persistently elevated, independent of income setting. There is an urgent need for more effective interventions to reduce associated neonatal and early childhood morbidity and mortality. Maternal vaccines are a well\u2010established strategy used for prevention of pathogen\u2010specific disease in mothers and infants through transplacental antibody transfer. Beyond these pathogen\u2010specific benefits, some studies have also identified non\u2010specific effects (NSEs) of maternal vaccination protecting against several adverse birth outcomes, including PTB and stillbirth. This paper will review the evidence supporting the NSEs of maternal vaccination on birth outcomes, describe the possible underlying mechanisms, outline the research gaps, and summarize the significance from a global health perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T03:30:01Z","timestamp":1682307001000},"page":"13-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The non\u2010specific effects of maternal immunization on birth outcomes: The evidence, mechanisms, and the implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"162","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3007-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Giles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahinsa","family":"Gunatilaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics Epworth Healthcare  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Kollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Telethon Kids Institute  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30451-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: 2020 Report","author":"United Nations","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01112-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Stillbirths","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"March of Dimes.U.S. 2021 March of Dimes Report Card."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"Australia's Mothers and Babies 2017\u2014In Brief Canberra","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Protecting All Against Tetanus: Guide to Sustaining Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination (MNTE) and Broadening Tetanus Protection for All Populations","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw290"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.130499"},{"issue":"3194","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","article-title":"Associations between maternal immunisation and reduced rates of preterm birth and stillbirth: a population based retrospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Giles ML","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.575197"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.03.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","volume-title":"Safety of Immunization during Pregnancy. 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