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The risk of ovarian cancer, one the most lethal gynecological cancer, is associated with obesity, poor dietary habits, and environmental pollutants, exacerbating hormonal imbalances, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Protective factors, such as the Mediterranean diet and oral contraceptives, modulate risk by reducing ovulatory cycles, particularly in genetically predisposed women. Uterine cancer is associated with metabolic factors, with obesity driving hormonal disruptions and systemic inflammation. Physical inactivity and diets rich in animal fats increase the risk of endometrial cancer, along with air pollution and microbiome imbalances contribute to endometrial carcinogenesis. Cervical cancer is primarily driven by persistent high\u2010risk HPV infection, with smoking enhancing viral persistence and oncogenesis. Nutritional deficiencies in antioxidants and folate weaken immune defenses, while vaginal and gut microbiome dysbiosis fosters neoplastic progression. Vulvar and vaginal cancers, though less common, share risk factors such as obesity, smoking, and occupational exposures, disrupting immune responses and epithelial integrity. Microbial imbalances exacerbate these malignancies, creating a pro\u2010inflammatory microenvironment. The interplay between modifiable factors and genetic predisposition, including high\u2010penetrance mutations and polygenic risk scores, highlights the complexity complexity of prevention of gynecological cancers. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, further modulate susceptibility and tumor progression, influenced by environmental and lifestyle exposures. In addition, promoting and supporting healthy lifestyle changes, including smoking cessation, increased physical activity, and a balanced diet, are crucial for improving long\u2010term outcomes and quality of life in gynecological cancer survivors. Addressing these factors through personalized prevention, leveraging predictive models incorporating genetics and modifiable risks, enables tailored lifestyle interventions and avoidance of environmental exposures. Combined with equitable public health initiatives, these strategies have the potential to reduce the burden of gynecological cancers and improve women's health globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.70156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T08:25:46Z","timestamp":1745569546000},"page":"138-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Environment, lifestyle, and cancer in women"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"171","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9853-5278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Farina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4100-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Sabatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1864-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Boccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health\u2010Public Health Area Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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