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This article reviews the evolution of the global maternal and newborn health (MNH) agenda from the 1970s to the present, highlighting key conferences, political commitments, strategies, and advocacy movements that have shaped progress. Landmark events such as the Alma\u2010Ata Declaration, the Safe Motherhood Initiative, the International Conference on Population and Development which reframed MNH within a rights\u2010based approach, the Millennium Development Goals, and later the Sustainable Development Goals laid the groundwork for national and global accountability in MNH. Despite progress, the health of women and newborns remains an unfinished agenda. Evidence suggests that in 2023, approximately one woman died from maternal causes related to pregnancy and childbirth every 2 min, one newborn died every 14\u2009s, and a stillbirth occurred every 17\u2009s. Universal health coverage goals have stalled, with minimal gains in service coverage since 2015 emphasizing the need for urgent, united action and investments in healthcare systems, including training and empowering nurses and midwives. A global campaign was launched through World Health Day 2025 to renew commitment to ending preventable maternal and neonatal deaths. Despite the severe cuts made this year to official assistance for health and development, ongoing political will, financial investment, and societal change are needed more than ever. This moment presents an opportunity to recommit to ensuring that women and newborns not only survive but thrive well beyond 2025.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.70344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T08:14:23Z","timestamp":1751271263000},"page":"149-162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Five decades of advancing global maternal and newborn health and rights: Milestones and initiatives"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"172","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3581-0938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann\u2010Beth","family":"Moller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Patten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Ink Publishing Services Ltd  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Public Health Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitta","family":"Ess\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health\/IMCH Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jacobsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Western Health Care Region, Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","volume-title":"Trends in Maternal Mortality Estimates 2000 to 2023: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and UNDESA\/Population Division","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","volume-title":"Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2024 \u2013 Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter\u2010agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation","author":"United Nations Inter\u2010agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","volume-title":"Standing up for stillbirth. 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