{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T08:14:36Z","timestamp":1771316076108,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp;amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether maternal diabetes during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of strabismus and refractive errors (RE) in their offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study utilized electronic medical records from Clalit Health Services (CHS) in Israel, 2001\u20132023. Births were categorized by maternal diabetes type (type 1, type 2, or gestational) or no diabetes. Mixed models compared demographics and ocular conditions, including RE and strabismus, while generalized estimating equations calculated odds ratios adjusting for confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 505\u2009928 maternal and offspring records were analyzed. Strabismus prevalence was 496 (2.0%) in children of diabetic mothers versus 7346 (1.5%) in those of non\u2010diabetic mothers (odds ratio [OR] 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18\u20131.42), and remained significant after adjustment (OR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.27\u20131.55). In children of mothers with HbA1c &gt;6.5%, strabismus prevalence was 49 (2.9%) compared to 7793 (1.5%) with HbA1c \u22646.5% (adjusted OR 1.78, 95% CI: 1.30\u20132.43). RE prevalence was 753 (3%) among offspring of diabetic mothers versus 10\u2009785 (2.2%) among non\u2010diabetic mothers (OR 1.34, 95% CI: 1.24\u20131.44), with maternal diabetes remaining significantly associated with RE after adjustment (OR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.48\u20131.74). In the HbA1c &gt;6.5% group, RE prevalence was 71 (4.2%) versus 11\u2009467 (2.3%) with normal HbA1c (adjusted OR 1.97, 95% CI: 1.54\u20132.53).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal diabetes during pregnancy is associated with strabismus and RE in the offspring, with higher risk with high HbA1c levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.70381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T12:15:08Z","timestamp":1752754508000},"page":"565-572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal diabetes mellitus during pregnancy as a risk factor for strabismus and refractive errors in the offspring\u2014A large\u2010scale national study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"172","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4340-8565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nir","family":"Amitai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Joyce &amp; Irving Goldman Medical School Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center Soroka Medical Center  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8032-0111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomer","family":"Kerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Joyce &amp; Irving Goldman Medical School Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center Soroka Medical Center  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2660-9311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamar","family":"Eshkoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Soroka Medical Center  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"},{"name":"Endocrinology Unit Soroka Medical Center  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahed","family":"Imtirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Soroka Medical Center Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amichai","family":"Raz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Joyce &amp; 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