{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:22:56Z","timestamp":1780399376215,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite advancements in maternity quality care worldwide, mistreatment of women during childbirth persists. Currently, there is a gap of knowledge on the occurrence of disrespect and abuse during childbirth in the World Health Organization (WHO) European region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the IMAgiNE EURO (Improving Maternal Newborn Care in the WHO European Region During COVID\u201019 Pandemic) study, women 18\u2009years and older who gave birth in healthcare facilities in the WHO European region, were invited to complete an online validated questionnaire regarding quality of maternity care. Data were collected between March 2020 and May 2023, declared as the COVID\u201019 pandemic. A mixed\u2010method analysis was conducted on women's experiences of abuse, involving descriptives and multivariate logistic regression for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 50\u2009617 participants among 22 countries, 7683 (15.2%) reported experiences of abuse ranging from 6.4% in Israel to 30.7% in Bosnia\u2010Herzegovina, with significant differences by country, age, and birth mode. Emotional, verbal, and physical abuses were reported by 10.3%, 7.3%, and 2.4%, respectively. The thematic analysis, including 737 responses, identified several shortcomings in care that women perceived as abusive, the experience associated with abuse, and the elicited emotions. Experiences of disrespect and abuse were often linked to a sequence of actions, resulting in women feeling violated and treated as an object.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disrespectful maternity care was common during the COVID\u201019 pandemic in the WHO European region. Efforts are needed to improve communication, implementation of evidence\u2010based practices, and respect for women's rights. Constant monitoring of disrespect and abuse indicators is needed. A paradigm shift must happen, ensuring safe and respectful care for all.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.70516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T11:37:12Z","timestamp":1757331432000},"page":"1576-1590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experiences of disrespect and abuse during childbirth in the World Health Organization European region: A mixed\u2010method study among 22 countries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"172","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1427-5067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Galle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care Ghent University Gent  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3950-1519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helga","family":"Berghman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care Ghent University Gent  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8260-4788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo  Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Verdecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo  Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7384-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Bomben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo  Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9472-5947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eline Skirnisdottir","family":"Vik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Caring Science Western Norway University of Applied Sciences  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3119-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Drandic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roda\u2014Parents in Action  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabete","family":"Pumpure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga Maternity Hospital  Riga Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Riga Stradins University  Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1614-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health University of Porto  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR)  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Hei\u2010Lab:Digital Human\u2010Environment Interaction Lab. Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports Lus\u00f3fona University  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0000-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Elden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Caring Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg Gothenburg University  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3835-0287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Miani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health Bielefeld University  Bielefeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2723-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Baranowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3316-8566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antigoni","family":"Sarantaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Caring Sciences University of West Attica  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1805-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zalka","family":"Drglin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Radetic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Moms  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3268-8797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Liepinaitien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences Vytautas Magnus University  Kaunas Lithuania"},{"name":"Republican Siauliai County Hospital  Siauliai Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0288-982X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Roz\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Research Unit Institut National d'\u00c9tudes D\u00e9mographiques (INED)  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1984-6105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Abderhalden\u2010Zellweger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences (HESAV) HES\u2010SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Cerimagic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NGO Baby Steps  Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1659-1282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"K\u00f6nig\u2010Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health University of Applied Sciences Tyrol  Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7653-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ourania","family":"Kolokotroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Cyprus University of Technology  Limassol Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilana","family":"Chertok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Ohio University  Athens Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Nursing Ruppin Academic Center  Emek Hefer Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0523-3837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryse","family":"Arendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beruffsverband Vun de Laktatiounsberoderinnen zu L\u00ebtzebuerg Asbl (Professional Association of the Lactation Consultants in Luxembourg)  Luxembourg Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano delle","family":"Vedove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo  Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5202-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingvild Hersoug","family":"Nedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UiT the Arctic University of Norway  Tromso Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kurbanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rijeka Faculty of Health Studies  Rijeka Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunta","family":"Lazdane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University  Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago Miguel","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEI\u2010Lab: Digital Human\u2010Environment Interaction Labs Lus\u00f3fona University  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2792-3142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg  Goteborg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3948-9777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Batram\u2010Zantvoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health Bielefeld University  Bielefeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9800-3434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Tataj\u2010Puzyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1788-3818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitra","family":"Metallinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, School of Health and Care Sciences University of West Attica  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2051-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Bohinec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Ru\u017ei\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centar Za Mame  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Mizgaitien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaunas Hospital of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences  Kaunas Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1639-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elise","family":"de La Rochebrochard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Research Unit Institut National d'\u00c9tudes D\u00e9mographiques (INED)  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0683-9734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Gemperle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Health Sciences ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences  W\u00e4denswil Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imola","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Applied Sciences Burgenland  Pinkafeld Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Karanikola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyprus University of Technology School of Health Sciences  Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Tasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beruffsverband Vun de Laktatiounsberoderinnen zu L\u00ebtzebuerg Asbl (Professional Association of the Lactation Consultants in Luxembourg)  Luxembourg Luxembourg"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, KannerKlinik Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg  Luxembourg Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0156-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Fumagalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Milano Bicocca  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8608-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzia","family":"Lazzerini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo  Trieste Italy"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the IMagiNE EURO study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. [WHO website]. 2016. Accessed December 22 2022.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241549912"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.14.137869"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06598-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001847"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0389-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2022.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-06118-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2021.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04724-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05551-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2023.103809"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06360-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.03.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-71"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojog.2020.10110139"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264119"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2021.103212"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14811"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","unstructured":"BowserD HillM.Exploring Evidence for Disrespect and Abuse in Facility\u2010Based Childbirth Report of a Landscape Analysis.2010Accessed July 25 2025.https:\/\/collective.coloradotrust.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/02\/Respectful_Care_at_Birth_9\u201020\u2010101_Final1.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-020-00242-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100268"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","first-page":"559","volume-title":"The Sage Handbook of Mixed Methods Research Design","author":"Poth CN","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","unstructured":"STROBE\u2014Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology. Accessed June 5 2024. [STROBE website].https:\/\/www.strobe\u2010statement.org\/download\/strobe\u2010checklist\u2010cross\u2010sectional\u2010studies\u2010pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.WHO statement: The prevention and elimination of disrespect and abuse during facility\u2010based childbirth. [WHO website]. 2014. Accessed July 25 2025.https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/134588\/WHO_RHR_14.23_eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","unstructured":"European Commission QuattrocchiP.Obstetric violence in the European Union. [EU Publications website]. 2024. Accessed July 25 2025.https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication\u2010detail\/\u2010\/publication\/74238fad\u20100b63\u201011ef\u2010a251\u201001aa75ed71a1\/language\u2010en"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2022.850796"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/13620-004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-021-01182-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5251-4_103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31472-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2020.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0000000000000182"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14459"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/ejm\/192143"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","first-page":"ckz186","article-title":"Midwifery in Germany\u2013the necessity of developing a workforce and service planning approach","volume":"29","author":"Raddatz M","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Improving the quality of health services: tools and resources. [WHO website]. 2019. Accessed July 25 2025.https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/310944\/9789241515085\u2010eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33808-4_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03023-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12542"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2016.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2022-015538"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.742236"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012221140138"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","unstructured":"European Commission Roz\u00e9eV SchantzC et\u00a0al.Case studies on obstetric violence: experience analysis and responses. [EU Publications website]. 2024. Accessed July 25 2025.https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication\u2010detail\/\u2010\/publication\/2c7bf1b8\u20100b64\u201011ef\u2010a251\u201001aa75ed71a1\/language\u2010en"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2023.103600"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","unstructured":"HuntJ MackroryC MortimerJ.Safe staffing: the impact of staffing shortages in maternity and neonatal care.Report of the Baby Loss and Maternity all Party Parliamentary Groups[pdf report]. 2022. Accessed July 25 2025.https:\/\/www.sands.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/Staffing%20shortages%20\u2010%20APPG%20report %20Oct%2022%20(final).pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086937"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04164"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Respectful maternity care interventions to address women mistreatment in childbirth: what has been done?","volume":"24","author":"Pablo MC","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1388858"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rhm.2016.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2015.1009881"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth","volume":"4","author":"Bastos MH","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.COVID\u201019 cases|WHO COVID\u201019 dashboard. Accessed 21 Aug 2024.https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/cases?n=c"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000602"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000214"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002967"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2675-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228378"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5251-4"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijgo.70516","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ijgo.70516","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijgo.70516","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:57:26Z","timestamp":1773032246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ijgo.70516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ijgo.70516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijgo.70516","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7292","1879-3479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7292","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-3479","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}