{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:11:33Z","timestamp":1792174293952,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Micro\u2010and nanoplastics (MNPs) are breakdown products of plastics, and humans are exposed to these particles through air, water, food, and soil. There is a growing concern that human exposure to MNPs negatively impacts health. In this review we will discuss the potential health impact of MNPs on ovarian function and the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2010ovarian (HPO) axis. We will highlight that the deleterious effects of MNPs on female reproductive health have been mostly documented in animal models. Studies have demonstrated that MNPs accumulate in ovarian tissue, disrupt hormonal signaling, and induce oxidative stress, leading to hormonal irregularities, ovarian atrophy, and increased androgen levels. Additionally, there is accumulating evidence that not only are MNPs a concern by themselves, but they are also carriers of endocrine\u2010disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which further exacerbate reproductive dysfunction. While animal models demonstrate reproductive toxicity from MNP exposure, there are gaps in our knowledge on whether these findings can be translated to humans. Human clinical trials to directly determine the impact of MNPs are unethical because the evidence suggests MNP exposure may be detrimental to health. In this review, we highlight gaps in our knowledge and suggest areas which need further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.70552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T10:11:17Z","timestamp":1759313477000},"page":"1430-1436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A review of the impact of micro\u2010 and nanoplastics on female reproduction: What we know and gaps in knowledge"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"172","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5057-7260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanchayana","family":"Raghuvir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech University Health Science Center at El Paso  El Paso Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Alex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech University Health Science Center at El Paso  El Paso Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Clegg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech University Health Science Center at El Paso  El Paso Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05297"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18218-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115577"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Conn's Handbook of Models for Human Aging","author":"Duncan FE","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Holesh JE","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121482"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174972"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173177"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117868"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117796"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1268248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132359"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11030225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.110997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113642"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"3108","article-title":"Airborne nanoplastics exposure inducing irreversible glucose increase and complete hepatic insulin resistance","volume":"58","author":"Yang Z","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.886628"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136424"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2024.107001"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Gynecology &amp; 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