{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:47:13Z","timestamp":1777870033570,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate associations between daily caffeine intake and uterine fibroids (UF) among US women of reproductive age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional analysis used NHANES data from 1999 to 2006. The sample included 4712 women aged 20\u201350\u2009years. Daily caffeine intake was assessed through 24\u2010h dietary recalls. Caffeine consumption was categorized using the FDA\u2010recommended threshold of 400\u2009mg per day. UF diagnosis was based on physician confirmation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore relationships. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was also performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age was 34.04\u2009\u00b1\u20098.90\u2009years. UF were reported by 12% of participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009524). High caffeine consumers (&gt;400\u2009mg\/day) showed elevated UF risk. This elevated risk disappeared after age adjustment. RCS analysis revealed a biphasic relationship. Protective effects occurred at low doses (&lt;71.5\u2009mg\/day). Risk elevation appeared beyond this threshold, which was much lower than FDA guidelines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates a dose\u2010dependent relationship between caffeine and UF. Risk elevation occurs above 71.5\u2009mg per day. These findings suggest a need to reconsider caffeine guidelines for hormone\u2010dependent conditions. The results support personalized dietary counseling for UF prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.70727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T08:58:00Z","timestamp":1765011480000},"page":"1105-1113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between daily caffeine intake and uterine fibroids: Results from\n                    <scp>NHANES<\/scp>\n                    1999\u20132006"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Yahan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanshan School Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanshan School Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yafang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third School of Clinical Medicine Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanshan School Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinghong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanshan School Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"School of Public Health Guangdong Pharmaceutical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third School of Clinical Medicine Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Guangdong Pharmaceutical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2015.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.12.002"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"483","article-title":"Uterine leiomyomas. 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