{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:50:12Z","timestamp":1792615812954,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female genital mutilation (FGM) affects more than 230 million girls and women globally and poses substantial public health, human rights, and gender\u2010equality challenges. While community and legislative initiatives remain central to elimination efforts, emerging evidence underscores the pivotal role of health systems in prevention, clinical management, and rights\u2010based support for survivors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This editorial synthesizes findings from six systematic and mixed\u2010method reviews that inform the 2025 WHO guideline on the prevention of FGM and the management of its complications, with a focus on community interventions, health\u2010worker capacity building, legal and policy frameworks, deinfibulation, clitoral reconstructive surgery, and non\u2010surgical sexual\u2010health interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence suggests that community education may shift knowledge and attitudes supporting abandonment. Training improves provider knowledge and confidence but requires stronger ethical and regulatory alignment. Laws and professional codes influence provider behavior but may generate unintended harms without clear guidance. Clinical interventions, including deinfibulation and reconstructive surgery, show potential benefits but are supported by low\u2010certainty and methodologically limited evidence. Research on non\u2010surgical sexual\u2010health interventions is minimal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eliminating FGM and improving survivor care require an integrated health\u2010systems approach, aligned legal and professional frameworks, and survivor\u2010centered, methodologically robust research to guide prevention, clinical management, and ethical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.70767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T08:28:35Z","timestamp":1769416115000},"page":"3-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Health systems approaches and other multisectoral efforts for primary prevention of female genital mutilation and clinical management of its complications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"172","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3689-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Ehiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Distinguished Outreach Professor, Vice Dean for Education and Faculty Affairs, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"UNICEF.Over 230 million girls and women alive today have been subjected to female genital mutilation.2024https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/press\u2010releases\/over\u2010230\u2010million\u2010girls\u2010and\u2010women\u2010alive\u2010today\u2010have\u2010been\u2010subjected\u2010female\u2010genital"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"UNICEF Data.Female genital mutilation (FGM) statistics.2024https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child\u2010protection\/female\u2010genital\u2010mutilation\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-018-0536-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2021.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"WHO guideline on the prevention of female genital mutilation and the management of health complications","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.WHO issues new recommendations to end the rise in \u201cmedicalized\u201d female genital mutilation and support survivors.2025.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/28\u201004\u20102025\u2010who\u2010issues\u2010new\u2010recommendations\u2010to\u2010end\u2010the\u2010rise\u2010in\u2010\u2010medicalized\u2010\u2010female\u2010genital\u2010mutilation\u2010and\u2010support\u2010survivors"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","article-title":"Impact of female genital mutilation laws, policies, and professional codes of conduct on health workers' knowledge, attitudes, skills, and quality of care: a mixed\u2010method review","author":"Asaolu I","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","article-title":"Clitoral reconstructive surgery in women and girls living with female genital mutilation: a systematic review","author":"Meremikwu CA","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","article-title":"A systematic review of group education or one\u2010on\u2010one counselling for the prevention of female genital mutilation in communities that perform female genital mutilation","author":"Oduwole OA","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","article-title":"Sexual health interventions for treating sexual dysfunction in women with female genital mutilation: a systematic review","author":"Okomo U","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","article-title":"Deinfibulation for improving obstetric, neonatal, gynecologic, and sexual health outcomes in women and girls with type III female genital mutilation: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","author":"Okusanya BO","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","article-title":"Capacity building for healthcare workers on preventing and managing FGM: impact on knowledge, attitudes, skills, and quality of care\u2014a systematic review","author":"Oringanje C","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"UNFPA & UNICEF.UNFPA\u2013UNICEF Joint Programme on the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation: 2024 annual report.2024https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/documents\/2024\u2010annual\u2010report\u2010fgm\u2010joint\u2010programme\u2010accelerating\u2010action\u2010strengthening\u2010alliances\u2010and"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-023-01549-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29336"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17886"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.06.013"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Gynecology &amp; 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