{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:08:57Z","timestamp":1784300937893,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K18181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K18181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K08880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K08880"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of routine postpartum bathing in a bathtub.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a quasiexperimental study at two perinatal centers between August 2024 and March 2025, including women who had vaginal deliveries. Participants were allocated to bathing\u2010restricted or bathing\u2010allowed groups according to institutional policy changes. The primary outcome was postpartum infection (endometritis or perineal wound infection) occurring between hospital discharge and the 1\u2010month postpartum checkup. Secondary outcomes included maternal mental health assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), perineal and pelvic pain, and satisfaction with bathing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 577 women including 324 bathing\u2010allowed women and 253 bathing\u2010restricted women were involved in the study. No cases of endometritis or perineal wound infection were identified in either group. There were fewer women with an EPDS score \u22659 in the bathing\u2010allowed group (8.3% vs. 12.8%), albeit without statistical significance (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.59 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34\u20131.04]). Similarly, perineal pain (32.1% vs. 39.5%) and pelvic pain (62.7% vs. 68.0%) were lower among bathing\u2010allowed women, albeit without statistical significance. Satisfaction with bathing was significantly higher in the bathing\u2010allowed group (75.9% vs. 19.8%; adjusted OR, 14.0 [95% CI, 9.2\u201321.1]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routine bathing in a bathtub during the early postpartum period did not increase infection risk and was associated with significantly higher maternal satisfaction. These findings suggest that postpartum bathing may be safe and could improve quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.70893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:52:01Z","timestamp":1772992321000},"page":"899-905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Safety and effectiveness of routine postpartum bathing in a bathtub: A prospective study in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Rinko","family":"Ibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Maternal\u2010Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Perinatal and Women's Medicine Institute of Science Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0997-2845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohei","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Maternal\u2010Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Social Medicine National Research Institute for Child Health and Development  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Naomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Maternal\u2010Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misao","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology National Center for Global Health and Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Oishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology National Center for Global Health and Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoyuki","family":"Miyasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatal and Women's Medicine Institute of Science Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Maternal\u2010Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12500"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3418-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp17X692525"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Boseikangogakukakuronn in Japanese","author":"Mori EKY","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-022-00278-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Relationship between bathing habits and physical and psychological state","volume":"75","author":"Taichi ISW","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Balneol Climatol Phys Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"281","article-title":"A study to evaluate the effectiveness of sitz Bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers in Aravindan hospital at Coimbatore","volume":"9","author":"Kalaivani L","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Educ Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/j.2320-8651.2.1.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Effect of sitz Bath on episiotomy wound healing and level of pain among post Natal mothers","volume":"5","author":"Khosla P","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Adv Nurs Manag"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","article-title":"A review of episiotomy and modalities for relief of episiotomy pain","volume":"14","author":"Choudhari RG","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/nmj.NMJ_121_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.WHO guidelines approved by the guidelines review committee. 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