{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:30:02Z","timestamp":1791304202391,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pregnancy\u2010 and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis (PLO) is a syndrome characterized by fragility fractures (most commonly vertebral, often multiple) occurring in late pregnancy or the early postpartum period. This position statement summarizes the current knowledge of PLO, and the recommended procedure for assessment, diagnosis and treatment based on a review of published evidence. As PLO is a rare condition, controlled, comparative clinical studies are limited. Individual studies were reviewed, focusing on design, size, follow\u2010up, evaluation of safety, and factors that impact PLO outcomes. Diagnosis of PLO should include a detailed clinical examination, a review of medical and treatment history, and laboratory tests to rule out secondary osteoporosis. Imaging techniques can be used to inform the appropriate treatment pathway, which will depend on whether the patient is antepartum or postpartum. Management of PLO and fractures includes calcium\/vitamin D intake\/supplementation, considering stopping breastfeeding, and analgesia, if necessary. Treatment with bone\u2010specific agents should be evaluated on an individual basis to reduce subsequent fracture risk, noting that their use in PLO patients is off label. If pharmacological treatments are used, they must be given alongside effective contraceptive measures. Bisphosphonates can pass the placental barrier and are detectable in bone for years, so adverse effects on future pregnancies, although not yet reported, cannot be excluded. Preferred treatment options are teriparatide\/abaloparatide or romosozumab. Second\u2010choice treatments are denosumab followed by bisphosphonates or bisphosphonates alone. This position statement includes a pragmatic approach for identifying women with PLO and suggests developing an individualized treatment plan that might include pharmaceutical intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.71203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:34:30Z","timestamp":1784270070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pregnancy\u2010 and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis: A position statement of the\n                    <scp>IAPM<\/scp>\n                    ,\n                    <scp>IOF<\/scp>\n                    ,\n                    <scp>ECTS<\/scp>\n                    ,\n                    <scp>ESCEO<\/scp>\n                    ,\n                    <scp>IMS<\/scp>\n                    , and\n                    <scp>EMAS<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4787-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peyman","family":"Hadji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Philipps\u2010Universit\u00e4t Marburg  Marburg Germany"},{"name":"Frankfurt Centre for Bone Health and Endocrinology  Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Athanasiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Maternal Fetal Medicine Aristotle University of Thessaloniki  Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria\u2010Luisa","family":"Brandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione FIRMO  Florence Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism McMaster University  Hamilton Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Chakhtoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American University of Beirut  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manju","family":"Chandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology Singapore General Hospital  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"DUKE NUS Medical School  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Chervenak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwell Health Zucker School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amos","family":"Gr\u00fcnebaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell  Hempstead New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Lambrinoudaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem F.","family":"Lems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apostolos M.","family":"Mamopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki  Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"McCloskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine School of Medicine and Population Health, and Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella E.","family":"Nappi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences University of Pavia, and Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS S. Matteo Foundation  Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Cardiovascular Sciences Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Yves","family":"Reginster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protein Research Chair, Biochemistry Department College of Science, King Saud University  Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Rizzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Stute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Clinic Inselspital Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eans\u0131n","family":"Tuzun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine Istanbul University\u2010Cerrahpa\u015fa  Cerrahpa\u015fa Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Monash Health and Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Belen","family":"Zanchetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDIM, Institute of Metabolic Research, Universidad del Salvador  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Carola","family":"Zillikens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Erasmus University Medical Center  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kyvernitakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Prenatal Diagnostics and Fetal Therapy Asklepios Clinics Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.6003","article-title":"Osteoporosis: a review","volume":"334","author":"Morin SN","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.11.001","article-title":"A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis","volume":"42","author":"Kanis JA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02821-8","article-title":"Global prevalence of osteoporosis among the world older adults: a comprehensive systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"16","author":"Salari N","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71378","article-title":"Global Health effects of osteopenia and osteoporosis, 1990\u20102021","volume":"8","author":"Safiri S","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06454-3","article-title":"Global, regional prevalence, and risk factors of osteoporosis according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"33","author":"Xiao PL","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-025-00269-2","article-title":"Global epidemiology and burden of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women: insights from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"11","author":"Liang H","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1746-6","article-title":"Association between age at menopause and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"63","author":"Anagnostis P","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","article-title":"Use of fracture risk assessment tool in clinical practice and fracture risk assessment tool future directions","volume":"20","author":"Zerikly R","year":"2024","journal-title":"Womens Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02219-9","article-title":"An overview of the use of the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) in osteoporosis","volume":"47","author":"Schini M","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab028","article-title":"Secondary osteoporosis","volume":"43","author":"Ebeling PR","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2025.100694","article-title":"Management of aromatase inhibitor\u2010associated bone loss (AIBL) in women with hormone\u2010sensitive breast cancer: an updated joint position statement of the IOF, CABS, ECTS, IEG, ESCEO, IMS, and SIOG","volume":"53","author":"Hadji P","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bone Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-014-0630-6","article-title":"Association between delivery at an advanced maternal age and osteoporosis in elderly Korean women","volume":"33","author":"Ahn E","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-025-07479-0","article-title":"Clinical presentation, risk factors and management of pregnancy\u2010associated osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"36","author":"Orhadje E","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04776-7","article-title":"Pregnancy\u2010 and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis with vertebral fractures: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Qian Y","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-021-00815-6","article-title":"Pregnancy and lactation associated osteoporosis","volume":"110","author":"Hardcastle SA","year":"2022","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3149-3","article-title":"Presentation and management of osteoporosis presenting in association with pregnancy or lactation","volume":"26","author":"Kovacs CS","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04758-0","article-title":"Long\u2010term outcome of patients with pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis (PLO) with a particular focus on quality of life","volume":"38","author":"Gehlen M","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8184","article-title":"The assembly of the adult skeleton during growth and maturation: implications for senile osteoporosis","volume":"104","author":"Riggs BL","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2022.101616","article-title":"Acquisition of peak bone mass","volume":"36","author":"Chevalley T","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.115163","article-title":"Age at attainment of peak bone mineral density and its associated factors: the National Health and nutrition examination survey 2005\u20102014","volume":"131","author":"Xue S","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.95","article-title":"Peak bone mass from longitudinal data: implications for the prevalence, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis","volume":"25","author":"Berger C","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-008-0019-z","article-title":"Normative bone mineral density data at multiple skeletal sites in Indian subjects","volume":"3","author":"Makker A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2011.12.007","article-title":"Peak bone mineral density and its determinants in an Asian Indian population","volume":"15","author":"Shivane VK","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1065","article-title":"From pregnancy to preeclampsia: a key role for estrogens","volume":"38","author":"Berkane N","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1494965","article-title":"Current and future perspectives on pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis","volume":"15","author":"Gak N","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afos.2025.03.002","article-title":"Disorders of bone and mineral metabolism in pregnancy and lactation: a case based clinical review","volume":"11","author":"Chandran M","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoporos Sarcopenia"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaf126","article-title":"Pregnancy and lactation associated bone fragility","volume":"9","author":"Kovacs CS","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00027.2015","article-title":"Maternal mineral and bone metabolism during pregnancy, lactation, and post\u2010weaning recovery","volume":"96","author":"Kovacs CS","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071811-150742","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: insights from animal models and clinical studies","volume":"32","author":"Kovacs CS","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","volume-title":"Endotext [Internet]","author":"Kovacs CS","year":"2000"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.07.001","article-title":"Disorders of calcium metabolism and parathyroid disease","volume":"25","author":"Cooper MS","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Bone turnover markers and Osteoprotegerin in uncomplicated pregnancy","volume":"19","author":"Styczynska H","year":"2009","journal-title":"EJIFCC"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.06.051","article-title":"Maternal plasma osteoprotegerin concentration in normal pregnancy","volume":"193","author":"Hong JS","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-025-07422-3","article-title":"Update on the role of bone turnover markers in the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis: a consensus paper from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal diseases (ESCEO), international osteoporosis foundation (IOF), and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC)","volume":"36","author":"Bhattoa HP","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-951627","article-title":"Biochemical markers of bone turnover during pregnancy: a longitudinal study","volume":"114","author":"Hellmeyer L","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-002-0410-8","article-title":"Bone remodeling and bone mineral density during pregnancy","volume":"268","author":"Ulrich U","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130601006048","article-title":"Quantitative ultrasonometry of the phalanges during pregnancy: a longitudinal study","volume":"9","author":"Hellmeyer L","year":"2006","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2984-y","article-title":"Quantitative ultrasonometry during pregnancy and lactation: a longitudinal study","volume":"26","author":"Hellmeyer L","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Pregnancy\u2010associated osteoporosis","volume":"65","author":"Hellmeyer L","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-55","article-title":"Persistence of back pain symptoms after pregnancy and bone mineral density changes as measured by quantitative ultrasound\u2010\u2010a two year longitudinal follow up study","volume":"12","author":"To WW","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:17:1:49","article-title":"Bone mineral changes during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"17","author":"Kalkwarf HJ","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1654-6","article-title":"Changes in bone mineral density and body composition during pregnancy and postpartum. A controlled cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Moller UK","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3998","article-title":"Pregnancy\u2010related bone mineral and microarchitecture changes in women aged 30 to 45\u2009years","volume":"35","author":"Breasail OM","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Bone mineral changes during and after lactation","volume":"94","author":"Polatti F","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","first-page":"1110061","article-title":"Reproduction differentially affects trabecular bone depending on its mechanical versus metabolic role","volume":"139","author":"Bakker CMJ","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjaf087","article-title":"Recovery of BMD after pregnancy and breastfeeding\u2010a 10\u2010yr prospective observational study of 25\u2010yr\u2010old women","volume":"40","author":"Egund L","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1121579","article-title":"Crosstalk within a brain\u2010breast\u2010bone axis regulates mineral and skeletal metabolism during lactation","volume":"14","author":"Athonvarangkul D","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-005-5394-0","article-title":"Calcium and bone metabolism during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"10","author":"Kovacs CS","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3090","article-title":"The skeleton is a storehouse of mineral that is plundered during lactation and (fully?) replenished afterwards","volume":"32","author":"Kovacs CS","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241511881","article-title":"Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and vitamin D","volume":"24","author":"Dura\u2010Trave T","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.012809.104807","article-title":"Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation in humans","volume":"31","author":"Brannon PM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"issue":"8024","key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07634-3","article-title":"A maternal brain hormone that builds bone","volume":"632","author":"Babey ME","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-019-05236-8","article-title":"How does women's bone health recover after lactation? A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"31","author":"Grizzo FMF","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.08.024","article-title":"The influence of lactation and its duration on bone mineral density in pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review with meta\u2010analysis","volume":"46","author":"Oboh I","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-019-0601-6","article-title":"Parity and lactation are not associated with incident fragility fractures or radiographic vertebral fractures over 16\u2009years of follow\u2010up: Canadian multicentre osteoporosis study (CaMos)","volume":"14","author":"Cooke\u2010Hubley S","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/cmt.5.3.277.285","article-title":"Influence of pregnancy and breast\u2010feeding on quantitative ultrasonometry of bone in postmenopausal women","volume":"5","author":"Hadji P","year":"2002","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_15_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-019-00555-5","article-title":"Mechanical regulation of the maternal skeleton during reproduction and lactation","volume":"17","author":"Liu XS","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-019-00638-6","article-title":"Associations between breastfeeding history and early postmenopausal bone loss","volume":"106","author":"Bakker CMJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_15_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-023-01139-3","article-title":"Clinical features, incidence and treatment outcome in pregnancy\u2010associated osteoporosis: a single\u2010Centre experience over two decades","volume":"113","author":"Orhadje E","year":"2023","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3897-8","article-title":"Pregnancy\u2010associated osteoporosis: a case\u2010control study","volume":"28","author":"Hadji P","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S366254","article-title":"Recent insights into pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis (PLO)","volume":"15","author":"Scioscia MF","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Women's Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_15_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab031","article-title":"Severe bone microarchitecture impairment in women with pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis","volume":"5","author":"Scioscia MF","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae167","article-title":"HR\u2010pQCT reveals marked trabecular and cortical structural deficits in women with pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis (PLO)","volume":"40","author":"Agarwal S","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000400","article-title":"Osteoporosis in premenopausal women","volume":"29","author":"Langdahl BL","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_15_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X15999200729162502","article-title":"Challenges in the Management of Pregnancy and Lactation Associated Osteoporosis: literature review and retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Yang B","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_15_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13091615","article-title":"Bridging the gap: pregnancy\u2010and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis","volume":"13","author":"Carsote M","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad548","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"109","author":"Anagnostis P","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-026-01499-6","article-title":"Pregnancy and lactation associated osteoporosis: a systematic review","volume":"117","author":"Issa Z","year":"2026","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_15_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4165-2","article-title":"Pregnancy\u2010related fractures: a retrospective study of a French cohort of 52 patients and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Laroche M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_15_71_1","article-title":"Analysis of fracture incidence in 135 patients with pregnancy and lactation osteoporosis (PLO)","volume":"13","author":"Miles B","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_15_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-022-01336-4","article-title":"Fractures within 2\u2009years of an obstetric hospitalization: analysis of nationwide administrative data in Japan","volume":"40","author":"Toba M","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06520-0","article-title":"Pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis as a major type of premenopausal osteoporosis: a retrospective cohort study based on real\u2010world data","volume":"24","author":"Kasahara K","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2019.1648417","article-title":"Risk factors, fractures, and management of pregnancy\u2010associated osteoporosis: a retrospective study of 14 Turkish patients","volume":"36","author":"Tuna F","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_15_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-019-04842-w","article-title":"Pregnancy\u2010associated osteoporosis: a UK case series and literature review","volume":"30","author":"Hardcastle SA","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_15_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4499-4","article-title":"Mutational analysis uncovers monogenic bone disorders in women with pregnancy\u2010associated osteoporosis: three novel mutations in LRP5, COL1A1, and COL1A2","volume":"29","author":"Butscheidt S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.115911","article-title":"Relevant genetic variants are common in women with pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis (PLO) and predispose to more severe clinical manifestations","volume":"147","author":"Butscheidt S","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-025-01381-x","article-title":"Gene variants and bisphosphonates treatment in pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis (PLO): a retrospective study of 22 Chinese patients","volume":"116","author":"Fu Z","year":"2025","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2025.117744","article-title":"Genetic contributors to osteoporosis in pregnancy and lactation associated osteoporosis (PLO)","volume":"204","author":"Lynch L","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-02148-x","article-title":"Osteogenesis imperfecta: characterization of fractures during pregnancy and post\u2010partum","volume":"17","author":"Koumakis E","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2095","article-title":"Pregnancy\u2010associated osteoporosis with a heterozygous deactivating LDL receptor\u2010related protein 5 (LRP5) mutation and a homozygous methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism","volume":"29","author":"Cook FJ","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_15_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00488-z","article-title":"The role of biomineralization in disorders of skeletal development and tooth formation","volume":"17","author":"Kovacs CS","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_15_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-025-07618-7","article-title":"Height loss, back pain and severe pain are highly predictive of pregnancy associated osteoporosis","volume":"36","author":"Orhadje E","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_15_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-023-06793-9","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of pregnancy and lactation associated osteoporosis: an online survey study","volume":"34","author":"Kondapalli AV","year":"2023","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"41","key":"e_1_2_15_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035475","article-title":"The correlation between transient osteoporosis of the hip and pregnancy: a review","volume":"102","author":"Galanis A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-017-0310-y","article-title":"Pregnancy\u2010associated transient osteoporosis of the hip: results of a case\u2010control study","volume":"12","author":"Hadji P","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.05.007","article-title":"Pregnancy associated transient osteoporosis of the hip (PR\u2010TOH): a non\u2010obstetric indication to caesarean section. A case report with literature review","volume":"262","author":"Quaresima P","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_15_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3750","article-title":"Women with pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis (PLO) have low bone remodeling rates at the tissue level","volume":"34","author":"Cohen A","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4239-1","article-title":"Subsequent fracture risk of women with pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis after a median of 6\u2009years of follow\u2010up","volume":"29","author":"Kyvernitakis I","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_15_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-025-07568-0","article-title":"Pregnancy vitamin D supplementation and bone mineral density of the mother: a post hoc analysis of the MAVIDOS randomised placebo\u2010controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Moon RJ","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_91_1","volume-title":"Estradiol","year":"2026"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4672-9","article-title":"Pregnancy and newborn outcomes after exposure to bisphosphonates: a case\u2010control study","volume":"30","author":"Sokal A","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-015-0028-z","article-title":"Pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis: bone Histomorphometric analysis and response to treatment with zoledronic acid","volume":"97","author":"Grizzo FM","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-024-01536-0","article-title":"Clinical effects of teriparatide, abaloparatide, and romosozumab in postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"43","author":"Ebina K","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2024.10.017","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of Abaloparatide and teriparatide in women 50\u2009years of age and older: update of a real\u2010world retrospective analysis","volume":"31","author":"Tabatabai L","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"19","key":"e_1_2_15_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105103441904","article-title":"Effect of parathyroid hormone (1\u201034) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"344","author":"Neer RM","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_15_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2004.pto940602.x","article-title":"Teriparatide (biosynthetic human parathyroid hormone 1\u201034): a new paradigm in the treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"94","author":"Brixen KT","year":"2004","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_15_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.18.2024","article-title":"Sustained vertebral fracture risk reduction after withdrawal of teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"164","author":"Lindsay R","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03946-6","article-title":"Effective strategies for pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis: teriparatide use in focus","volume":"86","author":"Ali DS","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1382069","article-title":"Successful treatment of 1\u201034 parathyroid hormone (PTH) after failure of bisphosphonate therapy in a complex case of pregnancy associated osteoporosis and multiple fractures","volume":"218","author":"Winarno AS","year":"2014","journal-title":"Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_15_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-021-00871-y","article-title":"Teriparatide treatment in patients with pregnancy\u2010 and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis","volume":"109","author":"Lampropoulou\u2010Adamidou K","year":"2021","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_15_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1816-6700","article-title":"Effect of teriparatide on subsequent fracture and bone mineral density in 47 women with pregnancy\u2010 and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis and vertebral fractures","volume":"82","author":"Hadji P","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_15_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziaf141","article-title":"Effective management of pregnancy\u2010 and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis using romosozumab: a clinical case report","volume":"9","author":"Goshima A","year":"2025","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.21037\/acr-24-163","article-title":"Pregnancy and lactation\u2010related osteoporosis associating multiple vertebral fragility fractures treated with romosozumab: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Nomura H","year":"2025","journal-title":"AME Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59010019","article-title":"Pregnancy and lactation\u2010associated osteoporosis successfully treated with Romosozumab: a case report","volume":"59","author":"Kaneuchi Y","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-024-07336-6","article-title":"Effect of romosozumab on bone mineral density and trabecular bone score in premenopausal women with low bone mass","volume":"36","author":"Lee S","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_107_1","volume-title":"Romosozumab Is Associated with Large BMD Increases in Premenopausal Idiopathic Osteoporosis","author":"Lynch LK","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-018-0525-7","article-title":"Denosumab: a review in postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"35","author":"Deeks ED","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010152","article-title":"Denosumab discontinuation and the rebound phenomenon: a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Anastasilakis AD","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_15_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-021-06008-z","article-title":"Influence of denosumab on bone mineral density in a severe case of pregnancy\u2010associated osteoporosis","volume":"32","author":"Stumpf U","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crwh.2025.e00725","article-title":"Bone health and pregnancy: osteoporosis and beyond","volume":"47","author":"Mobasheri A","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Rep Womens Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijgo.71203","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ijgo.71203","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijgo.71203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:34:44Z","timestamp":1784270084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ijgo.71203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ijgo.71203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijgo.71203","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7292","1879-3479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7292","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-3479","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ijgo.71203"}}