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Given that the relationship between sleep disturbances and sleepiness during pregnancy is understudied, we examined their associations to determine whether these relationships strengthen with advancing gestation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For this prospective longitudinal survey, we enrolled 3808 women, of whom 3286 responded. Sleep disturbances were assessed in early pregnancy, midpregnancy, and late pregnancy and at delivery. Mixed\u2010effects models were constructed with adjustments for age, body mass index, parity, maternal smoking, and depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sleepiness decreased from early to midpregnancy and increased thereafter, being highest at delivery. In contrast, the proportion of women with insomnia increased from 19.1% in early pregnancy to 59.1% at delivery. The proportion of habitual snorers (three or more times per week) and short sleepers (&lt;7\u2009h per night) increased as pregnancy progressed, whereas the proportion of long sleepers (&gt;9\u2009h per night) remained stable. Significant sleep loss (&gt;2\u2009h) increased particularly at delivery. Greater sleepiness was consistently associated with insomnia symptoms (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with stronger effect size estimates in late pregnancy. Sleepiness was also associated with habitual snoring from midpregnancy onwards. Short sleep duration and sleep loss were related to greater sleepiness throughout pregnancy (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but long sleep duration was associated with greater sleepiness only in early pregnancy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleepiness during pregnancy followed a U\u2010shaped trajectory but was consistently associated with insomnia, short sleep duration, sleep loss, and snoring from midpregnancy onwards. Screening for underlying sleep disturbances among pregnant women reporting sleepiness may provide an opportunity for timely identification and management, potentially improving maternal well\u2010being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.71283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T11:06:26Z","timestamp":1786791986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal associations between sleepiness and sleep disturbances across pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-2984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Aukia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3209-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Perasto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4725-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linnea","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Department of Child Psychiatry Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4992-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasse","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1421-9877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. Juulia","family":"Paavonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Research Center, Child Psychiatry Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Welfare Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0665-0306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e4ivi","family":"Polo\u2010Kantola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1365-2796.1996.475826000.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01018-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-018-0203-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101436"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2021.1926249"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13207"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(01)00130-7","article-title":"Effects of pregnancy on mothers' sleep","volume":"3","author":"Hedman C","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000215877"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00148204"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202718"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1363768"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9578"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2011.590606"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01363.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00205.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/C2012-0-03543-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.008615"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020692"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/17.3.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/25.3.268"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/SLEEPADVANCES\/ZPAC006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2022.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PSY.0000107881.53228.4D"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2021.1937197"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2012.08.003"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.10.1299","article-title":"Changes in symptoms of sleep\u2010disordered breathing during pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"Pien GW","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint16030039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/SLEEP\/14.6.540"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SLEEP.2024.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PARKRELDIS.2014.03.027"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Gynecology &amp; 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