{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:16:08Z","timestamp":1780384568194,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]],"date-time":"2016-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explored whether perceived distress from specific stressors during and after torture explain long\u2010term complex post\u2010traumatic symptoms of South Korean torture survivors. We conducted a cross\u2010sectional survey of survivors who had been tortured by the homeland regime from the 1970s to the 2000s. Data from 206 survivors were gathered by key informants using target sampling and snowballing techniques. Project staff designed scales to encompass the specific types of stressors related to torture techniques used in Korea. Frequencies and distress ratings of exposure to torture, post\u2010torture psychosocial stressors and physical damage related to torture were gathered. Psychological symptoms were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale\u2010Revised\u2010Korean version and subscales of the Symptom Checklist 90\u2010Revised\u2010Korean version. Perceived distress from torture stressors was mainly divided into factors representing physical, psychological and deprivation torture by adapting a principal axis factor analysis. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that distress from psychological torture explained post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content>) and that distress from deprivation explained <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> and anxiety after controlling for demographic variables, psychological preparedness, time span since torture and distress from trauma other than torture. Among post\u2010torture stressors, distress from physical damage related to torture and social exclusion were strong indicators of complex symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]],"date-time":"2016-05-05T05:39:41Z","timestamp":1462426781000},"page":"57-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The effects of torture\u2010related stressors on long\u2010term complex post\u2010traumatic symptoms in South Korean torture survivors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Hyunjung","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumahealingcenter Human Heart  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoon\u2010Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Seoul National University  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwa\u2010Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine and Human Rights  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015681"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.3.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"182","volume-title":"Torture and its consequences","author":"Ba\u015fo\u011flu M.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005679"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520050037027","article-title":"Factors related to long\u2010term traumatic stress responses in survivors of torture in Turkey","volume":"272","author":"Ba\u015fo\u011flu M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4306\/jknpa.2012.51.3.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006499"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"A study on reliability and validity of the Korean version of Impact of Event Scale\u2010Revised","volume":"44","author":"Eun H.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Torture, the most destructive power against democracy","volume":"10","author":"Genefke I.","year":"1994","journal-title":"The International Journal of Humanities and Peace"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182051501"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260506294999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","volume-title":"Korean version of Symptom Checklist\u201090\u2010Revised Professional Manual","author":"Kim K.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534765610365914"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2013.45067"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2014.55050"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15564901003622110"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327949pac1203_1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Long\u2010term trajectories of PTSD or resilience in former East German political prisoners","volume":"23","author":"Maercker A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Torture"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","first-page":"162","volume-title":"Cross\u2010cultural psychology and health: Toward applications","author":"Marsella A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Post\u2010traumatic therapy and victims of violence","author":"Mollica R.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","volume-title":"Investigation on human rights among torture victims","author":"National Human Rights Commission of Korea","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-006-9018-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20541"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.4.734"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.2.290"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.170.4.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.2.482"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","volume-title":"United Nations convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment","author":"United Nations","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","first-page":"399","volume-title":"Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD","author":"Weiss D.","year":"1997"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fijop.12276","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fijop.12276","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijop.12276","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T19:53:16Z","timestamp":1695757996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ijop.12276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ijop.12276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijop.12276","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7594","1464-066X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7594","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-066X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-06-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-04-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-05-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}