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In two experiments we answer this question by independently manipulating emotion and rumination. Participants were allocated to sad or neutral (in Experiment 1), or sad, neutral or happy (Experiment 2) mood conditions, via a combination of emotionally evocative music and autobiographical recall. Afterwards, in both studies, participants either ruminated by thinking about self\u2010relevant statements or, in a control group, thought about self\u2010irrelevant statements. Taken together, our data show that, independent of participants' mood, ruminators reported more negative affect relative to controls. The findings are consistent with theories suggesting that self\u2010focus is itself unpleasant, and illustrate that depressive rumination comprises both affective and ruminative components, which could be targeted independently in clinical samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]],"date-time":"2017-11-02T09:54:48Z","timestamp":1509616488000},"page":"360-368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Sadness and ruminative thinking independently depress people's moods"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Azra","family":"Jahanitabesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cognitive Science Studies  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany A.","family":"Cardwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Otago  Dunedin 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