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Moral injury, distinct from PTSD, arises from the violation of moral beliefs, leading to emotional distress characterised by guilt, shame, anger, disgust and a sense of betrayal. While previous research predominantly focused on direct survivors of genocide, this study expands the understanding of moral injury to their descendants, particularly the third and fourth generations, highlighting the often\u2010overlooked familial dynamics involved. Through a sample of 1857 participants, our findings reveal that married descendants of Holodomor survivors exhibit significantly higher levels of moral injury when familial genocidal trauma is present, contrasting with non\u2010married individuals who show no significant difference. This suggests that marital status plays a vital role in shaping the emotional burden of inherited moral injury, as these individuals grapple with the dual responsibilities of familial protection and the distress of genocidal trauma. Our results indicate that the interaction of genocidal trauma and marital status does not extend to PTSD. These findings emphasise the need for targeted family\u2010based interventions to address the complexities of intergenerational moral injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.70204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:39:14Z","timestamp":1774053554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Moral Injury and Post\u2010Traumatic Stress Disorder in War: The Effect of Marital Status and Previous Genocidal Trauma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8456-0774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larysa","family":"Zasiekina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter  Exeter UK"},{"name":"Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University  Lutsk Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9453-3534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serhii","family":"Zasiekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University  Lutsk Ukraine"},{"name":"University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8961-3767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Kuperman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University  Hamilton Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43042\u2010025\u201000684\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29038\/eejpl.2021.8.1.bif"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291\u2010023\u201001136\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.857087"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X08316104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108721.ep10768783"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-5567-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/ej.9789004174498.i-576.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000145"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013955"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1965464"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20106427.12303"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943\u2010021\u201001227\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943\u2010022\u201001542\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12848"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21226\/ewjus609"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","volume-title":"Intergenerational Trauma Among Second, Third, and Fourth Generation Armenian Genocide Survivors","author":"Haladjian L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2607"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315717456-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/hirs15652"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14623528.2020.1834713"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usy017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.23161"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22405"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1228785"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001856"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2021.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.904808"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21226\/T2PP4Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195133622.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","volume-title":"Modern Applied Statistics With S","author":"Ripley W. 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