{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:26:13Z","timestamp":1790799973145,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infant Mental Health Journal: Infancy and Early Childhood"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Emotions play an important role in fostering positive parenting and healthy child development. This qualitative study explored the affective experiences of racially diverse\u00a0US fathers with low income across the prenatal, postnatal, and early childhood periods. Semi\u2010structured interviews were conducted with 24 fathers. Interview questions asked about fathers\u2019 early parenting experiences that elicit parenting emotions of different valence. Results from thematic analysis demonstrated activation of multiple emotions depending on different proximal and distal experiences. Specific to proximal experiences, fathers reported feeling both excited and anxious about pregnancy and joyful and disappointed at childbirth. Related to distal experiences, fathers reported feeling encouraged by their social support networks that further aid their parenting, but feeling marginalized given systematic barriers (e.g., societal bias, high incarceration rates of Black fathers). Most importantly, fathers\u2019 parenting emotions, especially negative ones, led to them resolving to stay involved in their children's lives, gaining a sense of responsibility, and changing behaviors to do right by their children. Fathers resorted to various coping strategies to regulate their negative emotions. Overall, fathers with low income are emotionally resilient. Infant and early childhood health professionals should support fathers' mental health to promote father\u2010child engagement and thus, ultimately, young children's mental health and wellbeing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.22136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T16:53:57Z","timestamp":1726678437000},"page":"645-669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Low\u2010income fathers are emotionally resilient: A qualitative exploration of paternal emotions across early parenting"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2805-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Social Work  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawna J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Social Work  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia D.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Social Work  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Analia F.","family":"Albuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northeastern University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muzi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Information  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2806-7237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda L.","family":"Volling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995\u2010009\u20100531\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12347"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417000931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Prisoners in 2017","author":"Bronson J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2019.1589070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (n.d.).Medicaid.https:\/\/www.medicaid.gov\/medicaid\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis","author":"Charmaz K.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003\u2010066X.56.9.743"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.42.6.1041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X20983382"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13832"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12410"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.110.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567\u2010009\u20100046\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508\u2010012\u20100016\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520955134"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","volume-title":"Lost and found: Young fathers in the age of unwed parenthood","author":"Florsheim P.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00694"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"One in five: Racial disparity in imprisonment\u2014causes and remedies","author":"Ghandnoosh N.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"Black imprisonment rate in the U.S. has fallen by a third since 2006","author":"Gramlich J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483384436"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","volume-title":"An unjust burden: The disparate treatment of Black Americans in the Criminal Justice System","author":"Hinton E.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Qualitative research methods in mental health and psychotherapy: A guide for students and practitioners","author":"Joffe H.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2021.1960517"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51988-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2012.711591"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2016.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108891400.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525\u20101446.2010.00847.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","volume-title":"Black Joy: Stories of resistance, resilience, and restoration","author":"Lewis\u2010Giggetts T. M.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","volume-title":"8 facts about American Dads","author":"Livingston G.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327922PAR0202_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400005812"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000300"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","volume-title":"Failing our fathers: Confronting the crisis of economically vulnerable nonresident fathers","author":"Mincy R. B.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104973239500500201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","volume-title":"Why we long for the most difficult days of parenthood","author":"Murray S. H.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.29.010202.095947"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917733847"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406919899220"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","volume-title":"Involved fathering and men's adult development: Provisional balances \u2010","author":"Palkovitz R.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3149\/fth.0901.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244014521818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Situated fathering: A focus on physical and social spaces","author":"Roy K.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12645"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210388"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","unstructured":"SocioCultural Research Consultants LLC. (2018).Dedoose: Web application for managing analyzing and presenting qualitative and mixed method research data[Computer software]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2011.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","first-page":"296","volume-title":"The role of the father in child development","author":"Tamis\u2010LeMonda C. S.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063518"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10796126.2013.764846"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2021.1976923"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. (2019).Census bureau releases first ever report on men's fertility.https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press\u2010releases\/2019\/mens\u2010fertility.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102921"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21920"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3149\/fth.1201.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/swr\/svx014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13501"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010018\u20102096\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430903172335"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.013"}],"container-title":["Infant Mental Health Journal: Infancy and Early Childhood"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/imhj.22136","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T03:45:40Z","timestamp":1730519140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/imhj.22136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/imhj.22136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/imhj.22136","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-9641","1097-0355"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-9641","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0355","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}