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However, most studies have investigated the experiences of and consequences for older children and adults. The goal of the current study was to examine the relations among mothers\u2019 perception of discrimination during pregnancy, pre\u2010 and post\u2010natal depressive symptoms, and infant development in African American families from low\u2010income backgrounds. Using a longitudinal design with questionnaires and direct assessments, this study included 118 African American mothers (and infants) who participated in three data collection sessions: the third trimester of pregnancy (home); 4 weeks postpartum (phone); and when infants were 4\u20136 months old (home). Analyses revealed that mothers\u2019 perceived prenatal discrimination was strongly associated with depressive symptomatology and that maternal depression was related to infant cognitive and fine motor skills. Perceived prenatal discrimination was significantly related to infant cognitive development. For mothers with higher levels of perceived discrimination, a higher level of depressive symptomatology was related to receptive language. These findings are considered in the context of the extant literature on perinatal stress, maternal functioning, and young infant outcomes. Implications for early childhood and infant mental health practice are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.70010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T14:23:58Z","timestamp":1741011838000},"page":"376-390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Perinatal discrimination and maternal depressive symptoms associated with infant development in African American families"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8349-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda Jones","family":"Harden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University School of Social Work  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methods University of Maryland College of Education  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiffany L.","family":"Martoccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methods University of Maryland College of Education  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colleen M.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methods University of Maryland College of Education  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelby","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methods University of Maryland College of Education  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12407"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21464"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2016.1216518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798414548511"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-021-03223-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2021.101598"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"The Bayley Scales of Infant Development screening test","author":"Bayley N.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-016-0443-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2010.00388.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920\u2010021\u201001240\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741\u20103737.2008.00484.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2020.0032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e318264c10f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-019-00622-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-019-02779-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-009-0542-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1446.2010.00912.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420001121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01385.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(01)00064-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2012.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05336.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131600"},{"issue":"30","key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"The weathering hypothesis and the health of African\u2010American women and infants: Evidence and speculations","volume":"2","author":"Geronimus A. 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