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This study investigated the role of early bedtime routines in the relationship between household instability and self\u2010regulation among Early Head Start children. Specifically, we investigated whether early bedtime routines function as a mediating mechanism or a moderating factor in the association between early household instability and children's self\u2010regulation. The analytic sample included 1760 primarily low\u2010income, ethnic minority families in the U.S. Using two separate longitudinal models, we tested the mediation effect using path analysis and found that early bedtime routine during toddlerhood (14\u201336 months) significantly mediated the relationship between household instability and both emotional and attentional regulation at 36 months. However, the moderation analysis did not yield significant evidence supporting the buffering role of bedtime routines. This study provides empirical evidence that parents\u2019 engagement in establishing consistent early bedtime routines plays a significant mediating role in supporting the development of children's emotional and attentional regulation in the context of household instability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T12:54:36Z","timestamp":1769000076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Household instability and self\u2010regulation in Head Start children: The mediating and moderating roles of bedtime routines"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3040-2433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Clarkson University  Potsdam New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5485-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangita","family":"Pudasainee\u2010Kapri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing\u2010Camden, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey  New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7734-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Razza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Science Syracuse University  Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1371-5454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabiha","family":"Madre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Clarkson University  Potsdam New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"Administration for Children and Families. 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