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We evaluated the association between the Japanese version of the Mother\u2010to\u2010Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) \/ Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores for fathers and the Ages and Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition (ASQ\u20103) scores in their 4\u2010year\u2010old children. Paternal MIBS and EPDS were administered at 1 month postpartum. Data from 646 father\u2013child pairs were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Paternal MIBS total scores \u22655 were associated with communication (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.786; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.088\u20137.132), problem\u2010solving (AOR, 3.136; 95% CI, 1.027\u20139.574), and personal\u2010social delays (AOR, 2.843; 95% CI, 1.353\u20135.978) (reference, scores \u22642). Paternal EPDS scores \u22658 were associated with fine motor (AOR, 3.315; 95% CI, 1.470\u20137.473) and problem\u2010solving delays (AOR, 4.904; 95% CI, 1.664\u201314.446) (reference, scores \u22647). Bonding failure and depression at 1 month postpartum in fathers are associated with neurodevelopmental delays in their 4\u2010year\u2010old children, with different domain\u2010specific patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T07:07:06Z","timestamp":1775027226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paternal bonding failure and depression at 1 month postpartum are associated with neurodevelopmental delay in 4\u2010year\u2010old children: An Adjunct Study of the Japan Environment and Children's Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6726-2193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidekazu","family":"Nishigori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Fukushima Medical Center for Children and Women Fukushima Medical University Graduate School of Medicine  Fukushima City Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshie","family":"Nishigori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine  Fukushima City Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Obara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Genome Research Center Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine  Sendai Miyagi Japan"},{"name":"Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization Tohoku University  Sendai Miyagi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Hospital  Sendai Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasumi","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization Tohoku University  Sendai Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mami","family":"Ishikuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization Tohoku University  Sendai Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization Tohoku University  Sendai Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zen","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine  Sendai Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine  Sendai Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0644-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiharu","family":"Ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Genome Research Center Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine  Sendai Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Arima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Genome Research Center Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine  Sendai Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1894-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirohito","family":"Metoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University  Sendai Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Kuriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Genome Research Center Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine  Sendai Miyagi Japan"},{"name":"Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization Tohoku University  Sendai Miyagi Japan"},{"name":"International Research Institute for Disaster Science Tohoku University  Sendai Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Yaegashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Genome Research Center Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine  Sendai Miyagi Japan"},{"name":"Japanese Red Cross Sendai Hospital  Sendai Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172885"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"The integration of a child into a social world","author":"Ainsworth M. 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