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However, available evidence is mixed in identifying differences between mothers and fathers in activation parenting. Using two meta\u2010analyses, we examined 1) mean differences and 2) associations in activation parenting exhibited by partnered mothers and fathers. The meta\u2010analyses included 40 studies (38 unique samples, 76.3% collected in North America) with a total of 3,607 fathers and 3,707 mothers, and their children (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a041.4 months; range\u00a0=\u00a03 months to 19.9 years). Most parents were white and from a mid\u2010high socioeconomic status. The first meta\u2010analysis showed that fathers displayed higher activation parenting than mothers, with a small effect size:\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.27, 95% CI [.17,\u00a0.37],\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001. Differences were larger in studies examining rough\u2010and\u2010tumble play. A strong correlation between partnered parents\u2019 activation parenting levels emerged in the second meta\u2010analysis:\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.33, 95% CI [.19,\u00a0.45],\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001. These results highlight the importance of continuing research on activation parenting across diverse types of parents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.70101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:59:29Z","timestamp":1779890369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Activation parenting in mothers and fathers: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Dominic","family":"Laquerre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de psychologie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche Institut universitaire en sant\u00e9 mentale de Montr\u00e9al Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Gagn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de psychologie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6502-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Beaulieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de psychologie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche Institut universitaire en sant\u00e9 mentale de Montr\u00e9al Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mah\u00e9e","family":"Gari\u00e9py","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de psychologie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche Institut universitaire en sant\u00e9 mentale de Montr\u00e9al Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0819-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean\u2010Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Bureau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Ottawa  Ottawa Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1303-8046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey\u2010Ann","family":"Deneault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de psychologie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche Institut universitaire en sant\u00e9 mentale de Montr\u00e9al Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Ainsworth M. 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