{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T04:32:14Z","timestamp":1764995534257},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,7]],"date-time":"2003-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A reciprocal influence exists between mycobacteria and HIV: HIV\u2010infected individuals are more susceptible to mycobacterial infections and, on the other hand, mycobacterial infection results inacceleration of HIV disease progression. V\u03b39\/V\u03b42 T lymphocytes are known to participate in the defense against intracellular pathogens, including <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>. Indeed, they kill mycobacteria\u2010infected macrophages and, upon recognition of mycobacterial Ag, release TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IFN\u2010\u03b3, which are also up\u2010regulators of HIV expression. To assess whether mycobacteria\u2010activated \u03b3\u2009\u03b4\u2004T lymphocytes contribute to the enhancement of HIV replication, we established an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> model mimicking HIV and mycobacteria co\u2010infection with the latently HIV\u2010infected promonocytic U1 cell line and V\u03b39\/V\u03b42 peripheral lymphocytes stimulated with mycobacterial Ag. \u03b3\u2009\u03b4\u2004T cell activation determined two distinct, but connected effects, namely U1cell death and HIV expression. Both effects were mainly mediated by release of TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 from activated \u03b3\u2009\u03b4\u2004lymphocytes, although Fas\u2010FasL interaction also contributed to U1 apoptosis. The final outcome on U1 survival, and thus, on HIV expression, highly depended on mycobacterial Ag concentration coupled to the differential secretory potency of \u03b3\u2009\u03b4\u2004cells. In particular, the induction of viral expression prevailed at low Ag concentration and with lower cytokine production by mycobacteria\u2010activated \u03b3\u2009\u03b4\u2004cells. Notably, during the course of HIV infection, V\u03b39\/V\u03b42 lymphocytes are reported to be functionally impaired and may thus indirectly influence the progression of HIV disease. In addition, a predominant inhibition of viral replication was encountered when mycobacteria\u2010activated \u03b3\u2009\u03b4\u2004T cells were co\u2010cultured with primary HIV\u2010infected macrophages. Thus, we suggest that specific recognition of mycobacterial Ag by \u03b3\u2009\u03b4\u2004T lymphocytes in co\u2010infected individuals may modulate viral replication through the complex array of soluble factors released.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200390028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,19]],"date-time":"2003-02-19T19:15:48Z","timestamp":1045682148000},"page":"252-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Double\u2010edged effect of V\u03b39\/V\u03b42 T lymphocytes on viral expression in an <i>in vitro<\/i> model of HIV\u20101\/mycobacteria co\u2010infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Ferrarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Mantelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Fortis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Lazzarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo\u2004A.","family":"Manfredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105093241906"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520270054031","article-title":"Global epidemiology of tuberculosis: morbidity and mortality ofa worldwide epidemic.","volume":"273","author":"Raviglione M. 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