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Effective resistome management within the One Health framework requires a comprehensive understanding of the sources and movement of ARGs across environmental media. This study provides a detailed analysis of resistome characteristics and dynamics in global landfill systems. Landfill systems were found to harbor diverse and highly mobile ARGs, with multidrug\u2010resistant genes (MDRGs) comprising 32.63% of total ARGs, and comparable or even higher levels of associated ARG subtypes than in other environmental media, such as acidic mine wastewater. The ARG density on plasmids was 3.5 times higher than that on chromosomal sequences, with five times more abundant ARG\u2010carrying plasmid\u2010associated contigs in landfill systems than that in wastewater. At the metagenome\u2010assembled genome level, members of the phylum Pseudomonadota were identified as the most abundant hosts (29.72%), harboring 47.74% and 56.47% of the total ARGs and MDRGs, respectively. Genomic analysis of 35\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. strains revealed unique\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    species in landfill systems, including\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Resistome flow pathways were further mapped, including inflows into landfill (via soil, wastewater, freshwater, and the human and pig gut), movement within landfills (across landfill refuse, leachate, and airborne particles), and outflows from landfills (via landfill leachate effluent, gas emissions, and refuse evacuation). The results emphasized diverse resistome development and movement within landfill systems, ultimately contributing to the environmental spread of ARGs. Thus, our study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive policies and management strategies to mitigate resistome proliferation at every stage of municipal solid waste management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/imo2.70075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T02:44:55Z","timestamp":1767753895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resistome flow in global landfill systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5692-9526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenqing","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Anhui University Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Anhui University Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Westlake University Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Science Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health Sciences, Division of Life Science and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farees ud din","family":"Mufti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Anhui University Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuping","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Anhui University Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guowei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Anhui University Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanwu","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7615-4944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weixi","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youcai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-5838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Anhui University Hefei China"},{"name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Science Chongqing China"},{"name":"Department of Engineering Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FAO UNEP WHO andWOAH.2022\u201cOne Health Joint Plan of Action (2022\u20132026).\u201d Working Together for the Health of Humans Animals Plants and the Environment.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cc2289en","DOI":"10.4060\/cc2289en"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"FAO UNEP WHO andWOAH. 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